1. The Digestive System
the process of changing complex solid foods into simpler soluble forms which can be absorbed by body cells.

2. Bell…
Workbook 235 I only

3. Bell Make a “foldable” Label as follows…. Digestion/Function
Mouth/oral cavity
Esophagus
Stomach
Accessory organs
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anal Canal

4. Bell
List the Functions of the Digestive System If you did not make a foldable on Friday, see me.

5. Functions of the Digestive System
Physical breakdown of food
Chemical digestion of food into the end products of fat, carbohydrates and protein.
Absorb nutrients into blood capillaries of the small intestines
Eliminate waste products of digestion

6. Bell… You need 4 pieces of paper WAIT FOR INSTRUCTIONS Functions/Facts
Oral cavity/Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Accessory organs
Small Intestines
Large Intestines
Anal Canal

7. ENZYMES – chemical substances that promote chemical reactions in living things.
ALIMENTARY CANAL – digestive tract or gastrointestinal tract (GI Tract). A 30 ft. tube from mouth to anus.

8. Accessory organs of digestion:
Tongue
Teeth
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Gall bladder

9. ESOPHAGUS · Muscular tube, 10” long · Connects pharynx and stomach
4 layers Mucosa (innermost)-enzymes
Submucosa-Bld vessels and nerve endings
Circular muscle
Longitudinal muscle

10. PERITONEUM Lining of the Digestive System
PERITONEUM – double-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

11. Structure of Organs of Digestion
MOUTH
Food enters digestive system through mouth
Inside of mouth covered with mucous membrane
Roof of mouth is HARD PALATE (bone) and soft palate
UVULA – flap that hangs off soft palate – prevents food from going up the nose when you swallow
TONGUE
Attached to floor of mouth
Helps in chewing and swallowing
Made of skeletal muscle attached to four bones
Taste buds on the surface
Secrete saliva
TEETH
GINGIVA – gums, support and protect teeth
MASTICATION – chewing, teeth help in mechanical digestion
DECIDUOUS teeth – baby teeth (#20)
Adult mouth has 32 teeth
Structure of Organs of Digestion

12. Three pairs of salivary glands
PAROTID – largest salivary glands, they become inflamed during mumps
Located anterior and inferior to your ears.
SUBMAXILLARY or Submandibular- found near the inner surface of your lower jaw.
SUBLINGUAL gland- under your tongue.
They produce saliva. Liquefies food. Easier to swallow. Is 99% water., and enzymes ptyalin to break down starch.

13. Saltine Cracker Experiment
1) Hold a saltine cracker in your mouth without chewing.
2) Describe the reaction that takes place and explain why this happens.
3) Name the enzyme responsible for carbohydrate breakdown
4) Differentiate between chemical and mechanical digestion.

14. STOMACH ESOPHAGUS Muscular tube, 10” long Connects pharynx and stomach
Upper part of abdominal cavity
CARDIAC SPHINCTER – circular layer of muscle, controls passage of food into stomach
PYLORIC SPHINCTER – valve, regulates the entrance of food into duodenum
RUGAE – mucous coat lining of stomach in folds when the stomach is empty
Stomach has muscular coat that allows it to contract (peristalsis) and push food into the small intestine

15. Digestive
Label from your packet….Once Upon a Swallow
A-G

16. Protruding stomachs & malnutrition
The protruding stomachs typically result from one of three factors.
The first is edema in the abdominal area [Moderator's note: edema represents a "puffiness" due to accumulation of fluid that has seeped from the bloodstream into surrounding tissues]. This edema is a result of a lack of proteins in the bloodstream. The proteins in the bloodstream cause water to remain in the bloodstream. As the concentration of proteins in the bloodstream decreases, the water moves out of the bloodstream and into the extracellular spaces. This causes edema. The edema is particularly evident in the abdomen--especially in children.
The second cause of a protruding stomach is an enlarged liver which is a result of inflammation as well as an accumulation of fat. Fat accumulates in the liver because` there are not enough proteins to allow it to be transported in the bloodstream.
The third cause of the protruding stomach can be due to parasitic infections, which are very common in malnourished people and, of course, make their malnutrition worse.

17. Accessory Organs of Digestion
PANCREAS
LIVER
GALL BLADDER

18. PANCREAS Located behind stomach
Exocrine function – secretes digestive enzymes
Also has endocrine function

19. LIVER Largest organ in the body
Located below the diaphragm, upper right quadrant
Connected to gallbladder and small intestine by ducts
Functions:
Produce and store glucose in the form of GLYCOGEN
Detoxify alcohol, drugs and other harmful substances
Manufacture blood proteins
Manufactures bile
Store Vitamins A, D and B complex

20. Bell
Starting with the mouth and going thru the pancreas list the sequence of digestion and on fact about each organ.

21. GALL BLADDER Small green organ, inferior surface of the liver
Stores and concentrates bile until needed by the body
When fatty foods digested, bile released by gallbladder
Gallstones
Can block CHOLELITHIASIS
the bile duct causing pain and digestive disorders

22. · Consists of three portions:.
Small Intestine (3-5 hours)
·        1 inch in diameter and 23 feet long.
·        It is coiled up in abdominal cavity.
Digestion continues and this is where absorption occurs
·        Consists of three portions:
1. Duodenum - (about 12 inches long) This is where the pancreas and liver have ducts which empty into the small intestine. Most of the chemical digestion occurs in this first division. (This is a site of frequent ulceration - duodenal ulcer.)
2. Jejunum - ( about 8 feet in length)
3. Ileum
·        Food is now broken down into usable substances which can be used by the tissues.
·        These substances are absorbed by the villi (millions line the walls of the small intestine.)
·        Nutrients are either sent to the blood or put into storage.

23. LARGE INTESTINE CHYME – semi-liquid food Approx 2” in diameter
Also called the colon
CECUM – lower right portion of large intestine
APPENDIX is finger-like projection off cecum

24. ANAL CANAL RECTUM – last portion of large intestine
ANUS – external opening

25. Bell:
Complete the Once upon a Swallow worksheet.

26. Bell Complete the Unscramble activity on your desk
Label the Digestive System in your packet-12 structures

27. Digestion The process of changing complex solid foods into simpler soluble forms which can be absorbed by the body cells
BOLUS – soft, pliable ball – creating from chewing and addition of saliva – it slides down esophagus PERISTALSIS – wavelike motions, moves food along esophagus, stomach and intestines

28. Bell…
Workbook 233
1-4

29. Bell
Text 401, review questions 1-7
402, True False

30. DIGESTION: In the mouth…
saliva softens food to make it easier to swallow
PTYALIN in saliva converts starches into simple sugar
under nervous control – just thinking of food can cause your mouth to water

31. IDENTIFYING TEETH Incisors-located in the front and center
-broad, sharp edge
-used to cut food
Cuspids-also called canines, or eyeteeth
-located at angles of lips
-used to tear food
-longest teeth in the mouth
Bicuspids-also called premolars
-located before molars, from
front to back
-used to pulverize or grind food
Molars-teeth in the back of the mouth
-largest and strongest teeth
-used to grind food

32. More choppers….. Primary/Deciduous -first set of teeth - “baby” teeth
-maintains correct
spacing for permanent
teeth
Maxillary - located in the sockets, or alveoli
or upper jaw bone
Mandibular -located in the alveoli of the
mandible, or lower jaw bone
Secondary/Permanent - second set of teeth
- there are 32

33. In the stomach… gastric (digestive) juices are released
stomach walls churn and mix (This mixture is chime)
small amount of chyme enters duodenum at a time - controlled by pyloric sphincter
takes 2-4 hours for stomach to empty

34. In the small intestine…
where digestion is completed and absorption occurs
addition of enzymes from pancreas and bile from liver/gallbladder

35. SMALL INTESTINE
DUODENUM – first segment, curves around pancreas, 12” long
JEJUNUM – next section, 8 ft. long
ILEUM – final portion, feet long
ABSORPTION – in small intestine, digested food passes into bloodstream and on to body cells,… undigestible passes on to large intestine

36. In the large intestine…
regulation of H2O balance by absorbing large quantities back into bloodstream
bacterial action on undigested food – decomposed products excreted through colon – bacteria form moderate amounts of B complex and Vitamin K
gas formation – 1-3 pints/day, pass it through rectum (FLATULENCE) 14 times a day, bacteria produce the gas
FECES – undigested semi-solid consisting of bacteria, waste products, mucous and cellulose
DEFECATION – when lg intestine fills, defecation reflex triggered – colon and rectal muscles contract while internal sphincter relaxes – external anal sphincter under conscious control

37. assignment
Workbook page 233 C and page 236 K
237 O

38. Bell Get out Digestive disorder grid
Fill in blanks from outline and text

39. Digestive Disorders HEARTBURN Acid reflux Symp – burning sensation
Rx – avoid chocolate and peppermint, coffee, citrus, fried or fatty foods, tomato products – stop smoking – take antacids – don’t lay down 2-3 hours after eating
GASTROENTERITIS
Inflammation of mucous membrane lining of stomach and intestine
Common cause = virus
Symps – diarrhea and vomiting for hours
Complication = dehydration
ULCER
Sore or lesion that forms in the mucosal lining of the stomach
Gastric ulcers in the stomach and duodenal ulcers in the duodenum
Cause – H. pylori (bacteria) is primary cause
Lifestyle factors that contribute: cigarette smoking, alcohol, stress, certain drugs

40. Bell…
3…List three most important ideas about Effects of aging on the Digestive system
2) Write two questions generated by this information
1) Record one Implication for a health care provider

41. ULCER The surgical specimen of the distal stomach reveals a
Sore or lesion that forms in the mucosal lining of the stomach
Gastric ulcers in the stomach and duodenal ulcers in the duodenum
Cause – H. pylori (bacteria) is primary cause
Lifestyle factors that contribute: cigarette smoking, alcohol, stress, certain drugs
Symp – burning pain in abdomen, between meals and early morning, may be relieved by eating or taking antacid
Diagnosis – x-ray, presence of bacteria
Rx – H2 blockers (drugs) that block release of histamine
The surgical specimen of the distal stomach reveals a
perforated peptic ulcer.
A: Rugal fold  B: Ulcer

42. APPENDICITIS When appendix becomes inflamed
If it ruptures, bacteria from appendix can spread to peritoneal cavity

43. HEPATITIS HEPATITIS A Infectious hepatitis Cause – virus
Spread through contaminated food or H2O
HEPATITIS B (Serum Hepatitis)
Caused by virus found in blood
Transmitted by blood transfusion or being stuck with contaminated needles (drug addicts)
Health care workers at risk and should be vaccinated
Use standard precautions for prevention
CIRRHOSIS
Chronic, progressive disease of liver
Normal tissue replaced by fibrous connective tissue
75% caused by excessive alcohol consumption

44. CHOLECYSTITIS Inflammation of gallbladder CHOLELITHIASIS Gallstones
Pain can be between shoulder blades/back
Can block the bile duct causing pain and digestive disorders
Small ones may pass on their own, large ones surgically removed
Surgical removal of gallbladder = CHOLECYSTECTOMY

45. Additional Disorders DIARRHEA
Loose, watery, frequent bowel movements when feces pass along colon too rapidly
Caused by infection, poor diet, nervousness, toxic substances or irritants in food
CONSTIPATION
When defecation delayed, feces become dry and hard
Rx – diet with cereals, fruits, vegetables, (roughage), drinking plenty of fluids, exercise, and avoiding tension
JAUNDICE
Yellow color of the skin

46. Workbook page 241 S

47. Bell Using the N.C. Health Careers book explore…. (choose one)
Dental assistant
Dental Hygienist
Dental Laboratory
Technologist
Dentist
(List at least one Professional association, describe work, list salary, and academic requirements