1. Objective: To examine the causes and effects of the conflict that erupted over the proposed statehood of Missouri.
Do Now: Read the following quote by Abraham Lincoln.
“‘A house divided against itself cannot stand.’ I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved – I do not expect the house to fall – but I do expect it will cease too be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it…or its (supporters) will push it forward till it shall become…lawful in all the states, old as well as new, North as well as South.”
What point is Lincoln making about the future faced by the United States?

2. Compromises that led to the U.S. Civil War
EQ: How did the breakdown of compromises in the 1800’s lead to the American Civil War?

3. The U. S. purchased the Louisiana Territory in 1803
The U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory in Congress had to decide if states being made from this territory would be free or slave.

4. Free or Slave State?
Each time a group of settlers asked to join the United States (or also known as the Union) as a new state, a decision had to be made:
Free State – No Slavery Allowed
Slave State – Slavery Permitted
*For a time there were as many free states as slave states. This kept a balance between the North and South.

5. Government issues of 1819 11 free states and 11 slave states
Problem- what to do with new territories as they applied for statehood?
Senate:
consist of 2 representatives from each state
House of Representatives:
based on states population- slave states had more representatives

6. Government issues of 1819 (cont.)
Why is this a problem?
territories want to enter
Maine
Missouri (about 2,000 slaves)
Checks for Understanding #1
Why do you think this is a problem for Congress?
What are some potential solutions that our government could consider to fix this issue?

7. “THE GREAT COMPROMISER”
HENRY CLAY
Senator who authored the Missouri Compromise AND the Compromise of 1850

8. Clay’s proposal:
Admit Missouri as a Slave State. Admit Maine as a Free State. Prohibit slavery in the territories of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36˚30’ parallel.

9. Missouri Compromise-1820
Missouri applied to become a slave state. Maine wanted to come in as a free state. This would keep the balance between slave and free in Congress.
To avoid future arguments, Henry Clay wrote a compromise that said that any territory that became a state would be slave or free depending on where it was on the map.
Any territory below the 36’30 line on the map would be a slave state, any territory above that line would be a free state.

10. • Slavery was banned north of 36 , 30'N, except for Missouri.
• Slavery was allowed in the part of the Louisiana Purchase south of the 36 , 30'N.
• Slavery was banned north of 36 , 30'N, except for Missouri.
Sectionalism – loyalty to a state or section rather than to the whole country.

11. South’s response to Compromise
South realize that this compromise threatened the balance between free and slave states and caused a lot of potential issues
Why?
South felt the US would need territories from Mexico’s territory in which to expand slavery the only area left was in Arkansas
Check for understanding #2
Was the Missouri Compromise fair to both the North and South? Why or why not?

12. REMEMBER THIS ABOUT THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE!
Maine is admitted to the United States as a Free State
Missouri is admitted to the United States as a Slave State
Now 12 free and 12 slave
Compromise draws an invisible line thru the U.S. at the 36x30 line=above the Arkansas territory.
Every new state South of that line would be slave. Every new state North of that line would be free. Only Missouri would be above the line.
To make the Southern states happy, Congress added that slaves that had escaped to the North could be brought back if they were caught-even from non-slave states.
Quick Fix – The compromise was a temporary solution to the question of slavery and territorial rights

13. Balance Between Slave and Free States
PARITY
Balance Between Slave and Free States
Slave States
Free States
Delaware
Georgia
Maryland
South Carolina
Virginia
North Carolina
Kentucky
Tennessee
Louisiana
Mississippi
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Connecticut
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New York
Rhode Island
Vermont
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois

14. Government issues return
With the addition of new territories from the Mexican-American War, the issue of slavery started to become a problem again. The Missouri Compromise (1820) was no longer working as a solution.
California requested entrance into the United States (1849)
The debate over slavery would come to the forefront of American Politics & American Society.
This time, the result would be more violent!!

15. (Slavery in the Territories)
Potential Solutions
(Slavery in the Territories)
1846 – Wilmot Proviso is introduced. Said NO territory could have slavery.
This divided Congress regionally (SECTIONALISM) (North vs. South)
North supported Wilmot Proviso. Were angered that the South did not support “internal improvements”.
South opposed the Wilmot Proviso. Questioned the “Constitutionality” of it. Claimed “Property” was protected by the 1st Amendment!
Wilmot Proviso DID NOT PASS in Congress! But, the debate would go on especially with the request from California to be admitted as a state.

16. Potential Solutions- Slavery
(THE COMPROMISE OF 1850)
1849 – Congress was very divided over the issue of California’s statehood.
The North wants…
Abolition of slavery in Washington D.C.
California admitted as a free state
No slavery in any of the territories
The South wants…
Enforcement of the fugitive slave law of 1793
Slavery allowed in territories
Henry Clay proposed a compromise. Adopted after months of debate.
California was admitted as a free state; Utah and New Mexico territories decided by vote (popular sovereignty)
Boundary dispute between Texas and New Mexico resolved
Sale of slaves in Washington D.C. is banned but slavery can continue
Fugitive Slave Act required people to help capture and return escaped slaves

17. 5 PROVISIONS OF THE COMPROMISE OF 1850:
California would be admitted as a free state.
All other territories could decide when they applied for statehood if they wanted to be slave or free=Popular Sovereignty
The slave trade would be outlawed in D.C.
This compromise included the Fugitive Slave Act=it was now a CRIME to help runaway slaves even in the North. This made many people in the North very angry.
Texas agreed to give up its claims to New Mexico for $10 million. This let Texas pay off her debt and gave us our present day borders.

19. Henry Clay came out of retirement to help write the Compromise of 1850
When it passed people believed this would finally solve the problem of what to do about slavery.
Check for understanding #3
What were the differences between the Wilmot Proviso and the Compromise of 1850? Why did both sides (North & South) favor the Compromise over the Proviso?

20. FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT 1850
Slaves must be returned to masters (owners) if that person says the slave belongs to them.
Also stated that slaves were not entitled to:
trial by jury
right to counsel
testify on their own behalf
…more on this to come…

21. Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
By the 1850s the area above Texas was ready to be recognized as a territory in preparation to becoming a state.
It was North of the 36x30 line. The Compromise of 1850 had stated that these territories could decide for themselves if they were going to be free or slave.
In 1854 Congress passed a bill creating 2 territories=Kansas and Nebraska. It was hoped by many that one would be free and one would be slave. However, the decision was left up to the people in those territories=Popular Sovereignty.
People from surrounding states flooded into these territories to swing the vote the way they wanted it to go. Many people were killed over the issue.

23. Remember this about the KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT!!!
Nebraska was divided in half so there are 2 territories.
Kansas and Nebraska.
Slavery in each territory would be decided by the voters=Popular Sovereignty.
Results:
Bleeding Kansas-lots of violence
The Democratic Party lost support in the North but gained it in the South. Democrats were pro-slavery.
The Republican Party is created and it gained power among those against slavery.
Checks for understanding #4
Did the government make the right decision in allowing popular sovereignty in Kansas & Nebraska?

26. (how did each side benefit?) (How did each side benefit?)
Missouri Compromise
(how did each side benefit?)
Compromise of 1850
(How did each side benefit?)
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Southern States
“Pro-Slavery”
Northern States
“Anti-Slavery”

27. Exit Slip
Quick Write: (write a minimum of 3 sentences as a response on the back of your chart)
How did the breakdown of compromises during the 1800’s cause the U.S. Civil War?