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The Digestive System
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Digestion Digestion = the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into nutrients that cell membranes can absorb 2 Components of the digestive system: Alimentary canal – mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anal canal Accessory organs – secrete products into the canal; salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
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Components of the Digestive System
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Alimentary Canal Around 9 meters long
Muscular tube that passes through the ventral cavity Lumen
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Alimentary Wall Structure
Mucosa Submucosa Muscular layer Circular fibers Longitudinal fibers Oblique fibers Serosa
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Movements of the Alimentary Canal
Mixing movements Propelling movements
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Mouth Structure Surrounded by lips, cheeks, tongue, and palate
Oral cavity Vestibule Cheeks Lips
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Tongue Frenulum Papillae Hyoid bone Lingual tonsils
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Palate Hard palate Soft palate Uvula Palatine tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
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Primary and Secondary Teeth
Primary teeth Deciduous teeth Erupt between 6 months and 2-4 years 20 teeth Secondary teeth Appear around 6 years 32 teeth
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Tooth Types Incisors Cuspids Bicuspids and Molars Chisel-shaped
Bite off large pieces of food Cuspids Cone-shaped Grasp and tear food Bicuspids and Molars Flattened surfaces Grind food
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General Tooth Structure
Crown Root Neck Enamel Dentin Pulp Root canals Cementum Periodontal ligament
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Salivary Glands Secrete saliva: Moistens food particles
Helps bind food particles Begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates Dissolves food for tasting Helps cleanse mouth and teeth
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Salivary Cells Serous cells Mucous cells
Produce watery fluid that contains amylase Amylase splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides Mucous cells Secrete mucus to bind food particles and lubricate during swallowing
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Major Salivary Glands Parotid glands Submandibular glands
Largest Mostly serous secretions Submandibular glands Sublingual glands Smallest Mostly mucous secretions
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Regions of the Pharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
Open to nasal cavity Passage for air during breathing Oropharynx Behind soft palate Passage for air and food Laryngopharynx Passage for food to the esophagus
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Swallowing Reflex Food is chewed and mixed with saliva to form a mass called a bolus. Bolus is forced into the pharynx. Swallowing reflex is stimulated by sensory receptors around the pharyngeal opening.
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Swallowing Reflex Soft palate rises to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity. Hyoid bone and larynx are elevated, and the epiglottis of the larynx closes off the top of the trachea. Breathing is briefly inhibited.
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Swallowing Reflex Tongue presses against the soft palate, sealing the oral cavity off from the pharynx. Longitudinal muscles in the pharyngeal wall contract, moving the pharynx up toward the bolus. Muscles in the lower pharynx relax, and the esophagus opens. Peristalsis moves the bolus through the esophagus.
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Esophagus Straight, collapsible tube Approximately 25 cm long
Passageway from pharynx to stomach Cardiac sphincter Mucous glands for lubrication
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Movement through Esophagus - Peristalsis
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Stomach J-shaped, pouchlike organ Hangs under the diaphragm
1 liter capacity Rugae
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Stomach Functions Receives food from the esophagus
Mixes food with gastric juices Initiates protein digestion Performs limited absorption of water, salts, alcohol, and lipid-soluble drugs Moves food into the small intestine
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Stomach Regions Cardiac Fundic Body Pyloric
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Gastric Secretions Gastric pits Gastric glands Gastric juice
Goblet cells Chief cells – pepsinogen Parietal cells – HCl and intrinsic factor Gastric juice Regulated by ACh, gastrin, and cholecystokinin
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Mixing and Emptying Actions of the Stomach
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Pancreas Secretes pancreatic juice from acinar cells Mixed gland
Pancreatic duct Hepatopancreatic sphincter
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Pancreatic Secretions
Pancreatic juice contains several enzymes: Pancreatic amylase Pancreatic lipase Nucleases Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase Bicarbonate ions Release regulated by secretin
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Liver Located in upper right quadrant below the diaphragm
Color from rich supply of blood vessels Divided into left and right lobes by fibrous capsule Each lobe separated into hepatic lobules functional units of liver
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Hepatic Lobule Structure
Consists of many hepatic cells radiating out from a central vein Hepatic sinusoids Portal vein Central veins Kupffer cells Bile canals Common hepatic duct
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Liver Functions Cells respond to insulin and glucagon to maintain normal glucose levels Carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism Glucose Glycogen Noncarbs Glucose Makes cholesterol and fats Amino acids Urea Makes plasma proteins Storage of glycogen, iron, vitamins A, D, and B12 Blood filtering Detoxification Secretion of bile
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Bile Yellowish-green liquid that contains:
Bile salts – for emulsification and absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol, vitamins A, D, E, and K Bile pigments – bilirubin and biliverdin Cholesterol Electrolytes
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Gallbladder Pear-shaped sac on the inferior liver surface
Connects to the cystic duct which feeds into the common hepatic duct Stores bile between meals Reabsorbs water to concentrate bile Releases bile into the small intestine Common bile duct Stimulated by cholecystokinin
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Gallbladder and Liver Problems
Jaundice Hepatitis Gallstones
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Small Intestine Extends from pyloric sphincter to the large intestine
Receives secretions from the pancreas and liver Completes digestion of nutrients in chyme and absorbs products of digestion Mixing movements and peristalsis – chyme moves through in 3-10 hours Transports digestive residue to the large intestine
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Regions of the Small Intestine
Duodenum 25 cm long Most fixed portion of the small intestine Jejunum Ileum Jejunum and ileum are not distinctly separate Both are mobile
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Mesentery Double-layered fold of peritoneal membrane
Suspends the jejunum and ileum from the posterior abdominal wall Supports the blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that supply the intestinal wall
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Greater Omentum Filmy, double-layered fold of the peritoneal membrane
Drapes like an apron from the stomach over the transverse colon and the folds of the small intestine May adhere to infected areas of the alimentary canal to wall it off
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Tiny projections on the inner wall off the small intestine
Densest in the duodenum Increase surface area for absorption Lacteals – absorb fatty acids and glycerol Goblet cells Intestinal glands Microvilli Secrete peptidases, sucrase, maltase, lactase, intestinal lipase Capillaries absorb simple sugars, amino acids, electrolytes, and water Intestinal Villi
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Large Intestine Ileocecal valve 1.5 meters long
Extends up right side, crosses obliquely to the left side, and descends into the pelvis Opens to the outside of the body as the anus
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Regions of Large Intestine
Cecum Vermiform appendix Colon Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Anal canal
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Anal Canal Structure Anal columns Anus Hemorrhoids
Internal anal sphincter External anal sphincter Hemorrhoids
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Large Intestine Anatomy
Lack villi Teniae coli Many goblet cells Protect intestinal wall Bind particles of fecal matter Help control pH
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Large Intestine Functions
Proximal end functions primarily in water and electrolyte absorption Distal end functions primarily to store feces Little to no digestive function More sluggish movements – peristaltic waves 2-3 times per day (mass movements)
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Defecation Reflex Can be initiated by person (deep breath and abdominal contraction) Forces feces into rectum Reflex involves relaxation of the internal anal sphincter and peristaltic waves through the descending colon Can be prevented by contraction of the external anal sphincter
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Feces Made of materials not digested or absorbed 75% water
Electrolytes Mucus Bacteria 75% water Color from bile pigments altered by bacterial action Odor from compounds produced by bacteria
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