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Mr. Briner Unit 2.1 Molecules to metabolism
ASM DP Biology Unit 2.1 Molecules to metabolism
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2.1.u4 Metabolism is the web of all the enzyme-catalysed reactions in a cell or organism.
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Molecules to metabolism
Organisms need to carry out the functions of life to survive Require the ability to react to their environment and carry out actions All actions require enzymes Enzymes are proteins that carry out chemical reactions in life Sets of enzymes working together can complete very complex tasks
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Molecules to metabolism
The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life documents/articles/biology/interactive- metabolic-pathways-map.html Every blank number is a named enzyme!
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2.1.u1 Molecular biology explains living processes in terms of the chemical substances involved.
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The Elements of Life The most frequently occurring elements in living things are: Carbon C Oxygen O Hydrogen H Nitrogen N
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The Elements of Life Other elements are also needed: Sulfur …………. S Calcium ………. Ca Phosphorus ….... P Iron …………… Fe Sodium ………... Na
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The Elements of Life Other elements are also needed: Sulfur Essential in some amino acids (proteins) Calcium Essential in bones, teeth, shells, nerve function Phosphorus Essential in some cell membrane structures and nucleotides, including ATP
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The Elements of Life Other elements are also needed: Iron Essential in heme- group of hemoglobin, oxygen transport molecule Sodium Essential ion in neuron membrane potential, required for nerve impulse transmission
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Molecules to metabolism
Molecular biology Organisms need to carry out the functions of life to survive Require the ability to react to their environment and carry out actions All actions require enzymes Enzymes are proteins that carry out chemical reactions in life Sets of enzymes working together can complete very complex tasks
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Molecules to metabolism
Molecular biology These elements combine to make four major classes of macromolecules: Carbohydrates Bread, Sugar, Vegetables, etc. Lipids Fat, oil, hormones, steroids, cell membranes, etc. Proteins Muscles, enzymes, etc. Nucleic acids DNA, RNA, etc.
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Molecules to metabolism
Molecular biology The branch of biology that deals with the structure and function of the macromolecules essential to life
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Molecular biology Since the discovery of DNA's structure in 1953, the link between structure of molecules and their function has become a major part of biology Genes and proteins… Perhaps too reductionist as molecules are complicated and may have differing functions in different conditions
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2.1.u2 Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds allowing a diversity of stable compounds to exist.
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Carbon Carbon is the main building block of life Forms the backbone of all four major macromolecules Despite being the 15th most abundant element on earth, is the backbone of every organic molecule
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Organic vs. Inorganic Organic Compounds containing carbon Found in living organisms Exceptions: Carbonates (e.g. CaCO3) Hydrogen carbonates (e.g. HCO3-) Oxides of carbon (e.g. CO, CO2) Inorganic All other compounds
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Carbon Carbon can form four stable bonds Because it has four electrons in the outermost shell
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Carbon Carbon can form four stable bonds Allows an almost infinite number of different molecules based on carbon
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Carbon Carbon can form four stable bonds Allows an almost infinite number of different molecules based on carbon
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2.1.u3 Life is based on carbon compounds including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
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Macromolecules Carbohydrates Bread, Sugar, Vegetables, etc. Lipids Fat, oil, hormones, steroids, cell membranes, etc. Proteins Muscles, enzymes, etc. Nucleic acids DNA, RNA, etc.
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Macromolecules All four main types come in different forms: Monomer: Simple molecular units Smallest piece that counts as a macromolecule The building blocks! Polymer: Large molecules made up of linked monomers
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2.1.u5 Anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules including the formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation reactions.
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Bonding Condensation synthesis
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Bonding Condensation synthesis Monomers linked together to form polymers Through the release of H2O With energy supplied by a ATP Can absorb energy (usually endothermic) Catalyzed by enzymes Anabolic reactions build molecules Using condensation synthesis Building muscle, skin, new cells, etc.
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2.1.u6 Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules including the hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers.
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Bonding Hydrolysis Polymers broken down into monomers With H2O used as a source of -H and a -OH group Can release energy (usually exothermic) Catalyzed by enzymes Catabolic reactions break molecules Using hydrolysis Digestion It’s catastrophic!
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Bonding
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2.1.a1 Urea as an example of a compound that is produced by living organisms but can also be artificially synthesized.
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Making urea Urea is an organic compound CO(NH2)2 Used to remove waste nitrogen From the breakdown of proteins Released in urine
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Making urea Vitalism was an old (wrong) hypothesis that organic compounds could not be made artificially Wohler accidentally synthesized urea in 1823 He was trying to make ammonium cyanate This falsified vitalism Organic compounds can be artificially made!
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Mr. Briner ASM Molecules to metabolism Making urea Wohler
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MAJOR SOURCES Brent Cornell (Melbourne, AU)
Thank you to my favorite sources of information when making these lectures! Chris Paine (Shanghai, CH) www. bioknowledgy.weebly.com John Burrell (Bangkok, TH) Dave Ferguson (Kobe, JA) Brent Cornell (Melbourne, AU) Andrew Allott – Biology for the IB Diploma C. J.Clegg – Biology for the IB Diploma Weem, Talbot, Mayrhofer – Biology for the International Baccalaureate Howard Hugh’s Medical Institute – Mr. Hoye’s TOK Website – And all the contributors at
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