1. Biology Study Guide

2. EQ: How does a cell maintain homeostasis?
Cells have organelles and structures that help to maintain a constant internal balance.

3. Homeostasis
An organisms ability to maintain a stable internal environment

4. Passive Transport
A form of transport that move substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the use of energy.
Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis

5. Diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane without the use of energy.

6. Osmosis
The movement of water from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the use of energy.
Three types of tonic solution
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic

7. Facilitated diffusion
A form of passive transport that uses a channel or carrier protein to move larger substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration .

8. Active Transport
The movement of substance against the concentration gradient (low to high) with the use of ATP (energy)

9. Endocytosis
A form of active transport that brings materials into the cell via the cell membrane
Phagocytosis – cell eating
Pinocytosis – cell drinking

10. Exocytosis
A form of active transport that pushes substances out of the cell in vesicles.

11. Diffusion causes materials to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Osmosis is the diffusion of water
The cell membrane is the organelle that controls the movement of material in and out of the cell

12. The effects of hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions
Hypotonic Hypertonic Isotonic
The water moved _Out____
The Cell ___Shrinks________
The water moved _at equal rates in and out
The Cell ___stays the same__________
The water moved _IN____
The Cell __Swells___________

13. What process moves materials from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
Passive Transport

14. What type of transport does not require energy?
Passive transport

15. What type of transport does require energy?
ACTIVE Transport

16. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
What is the energy currency of the cell?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

17. What is a vesicle?
Small sac used to transport material through the cell. Made by the Golgi apparatus/Golgi bodies

18. What is a type of passive transport that uses transport proteins?
Facilitated diffusion

19. What type of active transport that uses transport proteins?
NA/K pumps

20. What type of active transport moves material into the cell?
Endocytosis

21. What type of active transport moves material out of the cell in a vesicle?
Exocytosis

22. What is the difference in concentration between two spaces called?
Concentration gradient (High to Low) or (Low to High)
Concentration equilibrium

23. What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?
The cell will swell

24. What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?
The cell will shrinks

25. What happens to a cell in an isotonic solution?
The cell will stay the same

26. What is a hypertonic solution?
A solution where there are more solutes outside the cell than inside the cell. Water goes to the location that has more solutes. The cell will shrinks.

27. What is a hypotonic solution?
A solution where there are more solutes inside the cell than outside the cell. Water goes to the location that has more solutes. Cell will swell.

28. If the outside of a cell and the inside of the cell are now isotonic, then the cells has reached what point?
Dynamic Equilibrium

29. The process of an organism maintaining internal balance.
What is homeostasis?
The process of an organism maintaining internal balance.

30. What happens to a plant that has been sprinkled with water?
The plant will shrink

31. What is another name for the plasma membrane?
The cell membrane

32. To repair cells and speed up reactions Enzymes, meats, muscles
Organic Compound
Made of
Function
Uses/Examples
Proteins
Amino Acids
To repair cells and speed up reactions
Enzymes, meats, muscles
Lipids
Fatty acids and glycerol
To store long term energy and insulation
Fats, oils, and waxes
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
To provide quick energy
Sugars, breads
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
To store and transmit genetic information
DNA and RNA

33. Enzymes are a type of
Protein

34. What is the purpose of an enzyme?
To speed up chemical reactions by lower activation energy.

35. Why is the structure of an enzyme referred to as a “lock and key”?

36. How does a cell divide?
Via reproduction

37. What process do cells use to create new cells?
Asexual reproduction
Mitosis
Binary Fission
Budding
Sexual Reproduction
Meiosis

38. Draw to the stages of the cell cycle and describe what is happening in each stage. Interphase

39. Draw to the stages of the cell cycle and describe what is happening in each stage.

40. Draw to the stages of the cell cycle and describe what is happening in each stage. Metaphase

41. Draw to the stages of the cell cycle and describe what is happening in each stage. Anaphase

42. Draw to the stages of the cell cycle and describe what is happening in each stage. Telophase

43. Draw a picture of a typical eukaryotic animal cell and label the organelles. In the chart below, describe the function of each organelle.

44. Cell Organelle
Function
Nucleus
The control center of the cell that stores genetic information in the form of DNA
Nucleolus
Organelle found in the nucleus that produce ribosomes
Ribosomes
Used to create protein by adding one amino acid at a time.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The highway/transport system of the cell. Rough ER have ribosomes and smooth ER synthesizes lipids.
Golgi Apparatus
Packages and ships proteins and lipids out of the cell
Vesicle
Small packages that are formed by the Golgi apparatus and the cell membrane.
Cytoskeleton
The cell’s skeleton that helps the cell maintain its shape.
Mitochondria
Responsible for turning sugar (glucose) into ATP (energy)

45. What is the difference a prokaryote and eukaryote?
Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelle (i.e. mitochondria)

46. Name at least differences between a plant cell and an animal cell.
Plants cells
Have a Cell wall
Have chloroplasts
Have a Large Central Vacoule
Animal Cells
Do not cell walls
Have Lysosomes
Have small vacoules

47. Water Characteristic Definition Example Polar Cohesion Adhesion
Capillary Action
Surface Tension
High Specific Heat

48. Genetics
What process does your body use to make gametes, sex cells? Meiosis

49. 92 46 46 23 23 23 23

50. What is an advantage of sexual reproduction?
Genetic Variation

51. What is an advantage of asexual reproduction?
Faster reproduction
More offspring
Only one parent

52. Detailed picture of DNA
In DNA
A- T
C- G
In RNA
A- U
C -G

53. What is heredity?
The passing of traits mentally or physically from generation to the next generation.

54. What is genetics?
Genetics is the study of heredity and how traits are passed from parent to offspring.

55. Who is known as the father of genetics?
Gregor Mendel

56. Using the letter A, what are the three possible geneotypes?
AA Homozygous Dominant Aa Heterozygous aa Homozygous Recessive

57. What are phenotypes? Phenotypes are the physical traits
The traits that you see
Eye color
Hair color
Nose shape
Height

58. If P is for purples, and p is for white, describe the genotypes and phenotypes of the below examples
a (Pp)= Purple
b) (PP) = Purple
c) (pp) = white

59. Using the Punnett square, make a monohybrid cross between two heterozygousAa A a A Aa a

60. DNA to Protein
DNA  RNA Protein

61. How do we get more DNA? Name two enzymes involved.
DNA replication (During S phase of Interphase)
Helicase
DNA Polymerase
Name two enzymes involved.

62. Describe the steps that cells go through to make proteins.
DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus (transcriptions)
mRNA leaves the nucleus and finds a ribosome
mRNA attaches to the rRNA at the ribosome
tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome
The mRNA is read through the ribosome three nucleotides at a time
As the mRNA is read tRNA brings the corresponding amino acid
Amino acids form a long chain called a polypeptide chain.
Once the polypeptide chain forms a shape it is called a protein.

63. Fill in the words transcription and translation above each arrow
Transcription Translation
DNA RNA Amino Acid/Protein

64. What are the three types of RNA used for?
rRNA – can be found at the site of protein synthesis. Used to help form ribosomal complex.
mRNA – used to take the message from the DNA (in the nucleus) to the ribosome (cytoplasm or rough ER) to help in the expression of a gene.
tRNA – used to transfer amino acids to the ribosome as mRNA is being translated (read).

65. A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence

66. List several causes of genetic mutations
Radiation (X-rays, UltraViolet rays, gamma rays etc)
Chemicals (glycophosphates in pesticides, cigarette smoke)
Viruses

67. If the there is a change in the genetic code, ultimately, it will cause a change in the sequence of DNA and thus a different protein

68. Read the passage and answer the question
List two genetic disorders and state the cause of each one .
Read passage for answer
Name three types of mutations:
Substitution (point mutation)
Insertion (Frameshift to the right)
Deletion (Frameshift to the left)

69. How is DNA fingerprinting used?
To match patterns of DNA with individuals
Paternity test
Crime scene forensics

70. How has DNA technology been used to produce better plants?
Scientist and companies have genetically modified crops to withstand droughts, pests, and to grow larger much faster.

71. Recombinant DNA has been used to insert the human gene for insulin into bacteria so the bacteria can produce it.

72. How can recombinant DNA be used in industry?
It can be used to mass produce traits that humans desire such as insulin, THC from marijuana plants etc.

73. Photosynthesis Questions

74. Cellular Respiration Diagram

75. Who uses cellular respiration?
All living eukaryotic organisms

76. What is needed for cellular respiration?
Glucose
Oxygen

77. What is produced during cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide/ CO2
Water/H2O
38 ATP

78. Our body uses energy in the form of ATP

79. Compare aerobic respiration to anaerobic

80. Draw the energy cycle between photosynthesis and respiration, so that you can see the circle of life and how we are all connected.