1. By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Miss Raia
The
Industrial
Revolution
By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer & Miss Raia

2. Crystal Palace: American Pavilion

3. Continental
Industrialization

4. Continental Industrialization
Why did some areas industrialize quickly while others not at all?
Role of Napoleonic Wars?
Economic concerns?
What role do tariffs begin to play in regards to the relationship between industrialized nations?
Corn Laws vs. Zollverein

5. Industrialization By 1850

6. Railroads on the Continent

7. The New Working Class
How does the social class structure change with the onset of the Industrial Revolution?
How do the Enclosure Acts and the Cottage Industry give rise to the working class?

8. The Factory System What were the conditions like in the factories?
How were men, women, and children treated differently in the factory system?
How did factory life impact family?
Responses to factory life:
Luddites
Friedrich Engels
Rise of Unions
Government Laws
Rise of Socialism
Poor Houses
John Wesley & Methodism
Anti – Corn Law League

9. Textile Factory Workers in England

10. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

11. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830
Age of Worker
Male Wages
Female Wages
under 11
2s 3d.
2s. 4d.
4s. 1d.
4s. 3d.
10s. 2d.
7s. 3d.
17s. 2d.
8s. 5d.
20s. 4d.
8s. 7d.
22s. 8d.
8s. 9d.
21s. 7d.
9s. 8d.
20s. 3d.
9s. 3d.
16s. 7d.
8s. 10d.
16s. 4d.
8s. 4d.
13s. 6d.
6s. 4d.

12. Child Labor
Abandoned children became a main source of labor from local parishes and orphanages
Owners exercised authority over children much like Slave owners
Work hours were very long and conditions were appalling
Children worked as chimney sweeps, market girls, shoemakers, etc
It was not new and it was actually coming to an end as the industrial revolution matured
Children and their parents worked 12 hour days

13. Child Labor Parliament sought to end child labor
The Saddler Commission investigated working conditions and helped initiate legislation to improve conditions in factories
Factory Act of 1833
Limited workday for children ages 9-13 to 8 hours a day
Limited hours ages to 12 hours
Prohibited hiring children under age 9; children were to go to elementary schools factory owners were required to establish
Ironically helped to destroy the pattern of families working together
Employment of children declined rapidly
Ten Hours Act
Mines Act of 1842 – prohibited all boys and girls under the age of 10 from working underground

14. Worker Housing in Manchester

15. Factory Workers at Home

16. Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

17. The Luddites: 1811-1816 Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].
Ned Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]

18. Union Movement
Certain leaders began organizing groups of workers to resist exploitation of the proletariat by business owners
Combination Acts (1799)
Parliament prohibited labor unions
Reaction to fear of radicalism in the French Revolution
Widely disregarded by workers
Repealed in 1824 and unions became more tolerated after 1825

19. Union Movement
Robert Owen in 1834 organized the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union
Lanark factory became a model socialist/utopian city
His unionization efforts failed and British labor movement moved once again after 1851 in the direction of the craft unions

20. The Chartists Sought political democracy
Demanded universal male suffrage
Key
       
Chartist settlements
        
Centres of Chartism
     
Area of plug riots, 1842

21. The “Peoples’ Charter”
Drafted in 1838 by William Lovett.
Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.
Votes for all men.
Equal electoral districts.
Abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.
Payment for Members of Parliament.
Annual general elections.
The secret ballot.

22. Anti-Corn Law League, 1845
Give manufactures more outlets for their products.
Expand employment.
Lower the price of bread.
Make British agriculture more efficient and productive.
Expose trade and agriculture to foreign competition.
Promote international peace through trade contact.

23. The Working Class Spread of Methodism John Wesley - Methodist Church
What did he do that reflects the time period?
What benefits did this church bring to the lives of the working class?

24. Urbanization & The Early Cities
Where did cities develop?
How were they planned?
Issues in the cities?
Working class injustices, gender exploitation and standard of living issues became the 19th century’s great social and political dilemmas.

25. Industrial Staffordshire

26. The Silent Highwayman - 1858
Problems of Pollution
The Silent Highwayman

27. The New Industrial City

28. Early-19c London by Gustave Dore

29. The New Middle Class New Social Order Golden Age of the Middle Class
New class of factory owners called the bourgeoisie
Upper bourgeoisie: great bankers, merchants, and industrialists who demanded free enterprise and high tariffs
Lower Bourgeoisie: AKA petite bourgeoisie, small industrialists, merchants, and professional men who demanded stability and security from the government

30. 19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

31. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

32. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

33. The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian Nightmare!

34. Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

35. Social Effects of Industrialization
Urbanization
Working class injustices, gender exploitation and standard of living issues became the 19th century’s great social and political dilemmas
How did the IR impact family life?
Division of labor?
Living standards?
How were women specifically affected?

36. Effects in Ireland
Irish workers increasingly came to Great Britain to become urban workers
Many Irish were forced out of rural Ireland by population growth and increasingly poor economic conditions
Overpopulation and rural poverty most severe in Ireland

37. Irish Potato Famine
Industrial Revolution may have prevented large-scale human tragedy like in Ireland
Most lived as tenants and Protestant landlords did not improve agriculture
Disease in potato crop continued to increase along with accompanying fever epidemics
In 1845 and 46 and again in 1848 and 1851 the potato crop failed in Ireland and much of Europe
Higher food prices widespread suffering and social unrest ensued

38. Irish Potato Famine Result of the Great Famine
At least 1.5 million people died or went unborn
1 million fled Ireland between 1845 and 1851; 2 million left between 1840 and 1855
Most went to the US or Britain
By 1911 Irish population was only 4.4 million compared with 8 million in 1845
British government response inadequate

39. 1850 England: The Statistics
Produced 2/3 of the world’s coal
Produced more than ½ of the world’s iron
Produced more than ½ of the world’s cotton cloth
GNP rose between 1801 and %
Per capita income increased almost 100% between 1801 and 1851