1. Roman
Republic

2. I. THE LAND AND PEOPLES OF ITALY
The Italian peninsula juts out into the Mediterranean,
making it a natural stopping point for trade and travel.

3. Indo-Europeans moved into Italy between 1500-1000 BC
Greeks settled in southern Italy, bringing their culture, their alphabet, and crops (olives and grapes).
Etruscans had more impact on the early development of Rome.
People of Latium near Rome were called Latins, thus the language of “Latin.”

4. In 509 B.C., the Romans
overthrew the last Etruscan king and established a republic.
By 264 BC, Rome had defeated its neighbors and controlled almost all of Italy.
To rule Italy, the Romans devised the Roman Confederation, allowing some peopled, including Latins, to have full Roman citizenship.
Others were given incentives by which they could attain Roman citizenship.

5. Roman Ideals as related by Roman historian Livy Cincinnatus
In 458 BC, Cincinnatus, who had been consul in 460 BC, was plowing his fields when messengers arrived to tell him he had been named dictator to defend the city.
He took up the supreme command, defeated Rome's enemies, and returned to his farm, all within 16 days.
Further, he refused the honors that came with his military victories and resigned his command.
Who was the “American” Cincinnatus?
"With one hand he returns the

6. Greek Influence “Rome conquered Greece, but Rome was in turn conquered by Greek culture.”
Romans emulated Greek dress, architecture, gods, warfare, literature, poetry, drama, etc.
The panoply of twelve Greek gods (Zeus, Poseidon, Hermes, Ares, Aphrodite, etc.) was adopted by Rome and renamed (Jupiter, Neptune, Mercury, Mars, Venus, for example) and our planets still bear their names. 

7. Reasons for the Rise of Rome
Government: created political institutions in response to problem.
Romans were good diplomats
Shrewd with granting citizenship
allowed states to run their own internal affairs
Rome excelled in military matters
Accomplished soldiers
Persistent (if lost a battle, fixed the problem)
Built infrastructure
Built roads to connect their colonies
Public works (i.e. aqueducts)

8. II. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (509 BC) (not a democratic republic)
Rome was divided into two groups:
~ Patricians - large landowners who formed Rome’s ruling class and could be elected the Senate.
~ Plebians - smaller landowning farmers, craftspeople, and merchants.
Both groups were citizens and could vote, but only the patricians could be elected to office and intermarriage between the groups was forbidden.

9. Structure of the Republic
Senate: 300 Patricians who served for life
Centuriate Assembly (also Patricians) who elected:
Consuls: ran the government and led the roman army into battle (chosen each year).
Praetors: acted as judges of civil law.
Other various officials overseeing government functions
Roman Law:
The Twelve Tables: code of laws (text p. 149)
Included standards of justice such as:
innocent until proven guilty
rights of the accused to trial before a judge,
judge must weigh evidence.

11. The Struggles of the Orders:
Plebians wanted political and social equality.
In 471 B.C. an assembly called the council of the plebs was created,
but wealthy patricians still dominated Roman political life.

12. Class Conflict in Rome
1. The plebeians wanted political and social equality.
2. Plebeians fought in the army to protect Rome.
3. Finally, in 471 B.C. a popular assembly called the council of the plebs was created.
4. By the 4th century BC, plebeians could be consuls.
5. In 287 BC, the council of the plebs received the right to pass laws for all Rome.
6. Despite these gains, wealthy patricians dominated Roman political life.

13. Rome fought Carthage, another strong Mediterranean power, three times.
III. ROMAN EXPANSION
Rome fought Carthage, another strong Mediterranean power, three times.
What modern country is Carthage located in (p. A2 of text)?

14. 1st Punic War ( BC)
Rome sent troops to Sicily and defeated Carthage’s navy, forcing them to give up the rights to Sicily in 241 B.C. Three years later, Rome seized the islands of Sardinia and Corsica.

15. Carthage wanted REVENGE.
Hannibal was the Oldest Son of the Carthaginian General Hamilcar Barca. The Roman historian Livy stated that Hannibal's father forced his son to promise eternal hatred against the Romans after the first Punic War.
Hannibal would lead a bold invasion of Italy in the Second Punic War.

16. 2nd Punic War ( BC):
Hannibal crossed the Alps with 30,000-40,000 men and 6000 horses and elephants.
He defeated the Romans in several battles.
Rome eventually pushed the Carthaginians out of Spain under the leadership of Scipio Africanus the elder.
In 204 B.C., Scipio led a Roman army from Sicily into North Africa and forced Hannibal to return from Italy to face them in Carthage.
Scipio’s Romans defeated the Carthaginians at the Battle of Zama in 202 B.C., ending the 2nd Punic War.

17. 3rd Punic War ( BC) Carthage went to war against a Roman ally who had encroached on their land. The Romans, led by Scipio Aemilianus Africanus the younger, stormed Carthage, torched the city and killed or enslaved the remainder of Carthage's population. The territory of Carthage became a Roman province called Africa. Rome became Master of the Mediterranean.

18. Voice from the Past: Roman Historian Sallust
“But when our country had grown great through toil, when great kings had been vanquished in war, when Carthage, the rival of Rome’s sway, had perished root and branch, then Fortune began to grow cruel Hence the lust for power first, then for money, grew upon them; these were, I may say, the root of all evils. For greed destroyed honor, integrity, and all other noble qualities. Ambition drove many men to become false; to have one thought locked in the breast, another ready on the tongue; to value friendships and enmities not on their merits but by the standard of self-interest.”

19. IV. END OF ROMAN REPUBLIC (Section 2 in text)
After the Punic Wars, large estates owned by patricians (latifundia) dominated farming, driving small plebian farmers out of business.
Leaders who tried to pass laws returning land to the poor (Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus) were killed by conservative patrician senators. Poor people grew angry and restless.

20. Rome suffered through civil wars
From 82 B.C. to 31 B.C. ,
Rome suffered through civil wars

21. Three men emerged victorious - Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar -
and combined their power to form the First Triumvirate in 60 B.C.

22. Caesar was popular, but needed a strong army to remain in power.
He conquered Gaul, gaining control of the area of modern-day France.

23. A group of leading opposition senators assassinated Caesar in 44 B.C.
When Crassus was killed, Caesar defeated Pompey and became dictator in 45 B.C.
Caesar gave land to the poor and expanded the Senate, filling it with his supporters.
A group of leading opposition senators assassinated Caesar in 44 B.C.

24. A power struggle ensued after Julius Caesar’s death.
A Second Triumvirate emerged:
Octavian -Caesar’s heir and grandnephew
Antony -Caesar's ally and assistant
Lepidus -commander of Caesar's cavalry
Eventually, they fought one another.
Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the naval battle of Actium in 31 B.C.
The civil wars ended and the Roman Republic was no more.
A new period of Roman history known as the Age of Augustus began in 31 B.C.
Rome shifted from Republic to Empire.