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Perceptual Organization

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1 Perceptual Organization
Perceptual Illusions Form Perception Motion Perception Perceptual Constancy Psychology 7e in Modules

2 Perceptual Illusions To understand how perception is organized, illusions provide good examples. It is as good to study faulty perception as other perceptual phenomena. OBJECTIVE 16-1| Explain how illusions help us understand some of the ways we organize stimuli into meaningful perceptions. Line AB is longer than line BC. Psychology 7e in Modules

3 Tall Arch Vertical dimension of the arch looks longer than the horizontal dimension when both are equal. Rick Friedman/ Black Star Psychology 7e in Modules

4 Illusion of a Worm © 1981, by permission of Christoph Redies and Lothar Spillmann and Pion Limited, London Figure on the right gives us the illusion of a blue hazy “worm” when it is nothing else but blue lines identical to the picture on the left. Psychology 7e in Modules

5 3-D Illusion Reprinted with kind permission of Elsevier Science-NL. Adapted from Hoffman, D. & Richards, W. Parts of recognition. Cognition, 63, 29-78 To perceive this figure in two dimensions takes a great deal of effort. Psychology 7e in Modules

6 Perceptual Organization
When vision competes with other senses vision usually wins – a phenomenon called visual capture. How do we form meaningful perceptions from sensory information? We organize it. Gestalt psychologists showed that a figure formed a “whole” different than its surroundings. OBJECTIVE 16-2| Describe Gestalt psychology's contribution to our understanding of perception. Psychology 7e in Modules

7 Form Perception Organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground). OBJECTIVE 16-3| Explain the figure-ground relationship and identify principles of perceptual grouping in form perception. Time Savings Suggestion, © 2003 Roger Sheperd. Psychology 7e in Modules

8 Grouping Having discriminated figure from ground our perception needs to organize figure into meaningful form using grouping rules. Psychology 7e in Modules

9 Grouping & Reality Usually grouping principles help us construct reality but at times lead us astray. Both photos by Walter Wick. Reprinted from GAMES Magazine. .© 1983 PCS Games Limited Partnership Psychology 7e in Modules

10 Depth Perception Depth perception enables us to judge distances. Gibson and Walk (1960) suggested that human infants (crawling age) have depth perception. Even new born animals show depth perception. OBJECTIVE 16-4| Explain the importance of depth perception, and discuss the contribution of visual cliff research to our understanding of this ability. Innervisions Visual Cliff Psychology 7e in Modules

11 Binocular Cues Retinal disparity: Images from the two eyes differ. Try looking at your two fingers half an inch apart about 5 inches away. You will see a “finger sausage” as shown in the inset. Psychology 7e in Modules

12 Binocular Cues Convergence: Neuromuscular cues. When two eyes move inward (towards the nose) to see near objects, and outward (away from the nose) to see far away objects. OBJECTIVE 16-5| Describe two binocular cues for perceiving depth, and explain how they help the brain to compute distance. Psychology 7e in Modules

13 Monocular Cues Relative Size: If two objects are similar in size, we perceive one that casts a smaller retinal image as farther away. OBJECTIVE 16-6| Explain how monocular cues differ from binocular cues, and describe several monocular cues for perceiving depth. Psychology 7e in Modules

14 Monocular Cues Interposition: Objects that occlude (block) other objects tend to be perceived as closer. Rene Magritte, The Blank Signature, oil on canvas, National Gallery of Art, Washington. Collection of Mr. and Mrs. Paul Mellon. Photo by Richard Carafelli. Psychology 7e in Modules

15 Monocular Cues Relative Clarity: Because light form distant objects passes through more air, we perceive hazy objects as farther away than sharp clear objects. Psychology 7e in Modules

16 Monocular Cues Texture Gradient: Indistinct (fine) texture signals increasing distance. © Eric Lessing/ Art Resource, NY Psychology 7e in Modules

17 Monocular Cues Relative Height: We perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away. Image courtesy of Shaun P. Vecera, Ph. D., adapted from stimuli that appered in Vecrera et al., 2002 Psychology 7e in Modules

18 Monocular Cues Relative motion: Objects closer to a fixation point move faster and in opposing direction to objects farther away from a fixation point, which move slower and in the same direction. Psychology 7e in Modules

19 Monocular Cues Linear Perspective: Parallel lines like rail road tracks, appear to converge with distance. The more the lines converge, the greater their perceived distance. © The New Yorker Collection, 2002, Jack Ziegler from cartoonbank.com. All rights reserved. Psychology 7e in Modules

20 Monocular Cues Light and Shadow: Nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes. Given two identical objects, the dimmer one seems further away. From “Perceiving Shape From Shading” by Vilayaur S. Ramachandran. © 1988 by Scientific American, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology 7e in Modules

21 Motion Perception Motion Perception: Objects that tend to travel towards us grow in size and ones that move away shrink in size. The same is true when the observer moves to or from an object. OBJECTIVE 16-7| State the basic assumption we make in our perceptions of motion, and explain how these perceptions can be deceiving. Psychology 7e in Modules

22 Other Important Senses
Touch Taste Smell Body Position and Movement Psychology 7e in Modules

23 Other Important Senses
Sense of touch is a mix of four distinct skin senses- pressure, warmth, cold, and pain. OBJECTIVE 15-1| Describe the sense of touch. “Touch is both the alpha and omega of affection” (James, 1890). Bruce Ayers/ Stone/ Getty Images Psychology 7e in Modules

24 Skin Senses Only pressure has identifiable receptors, all other skin sensations are variations of pressures, warmth, cold and pain. Pressure Vibration Vibration Burning hot Cold, warmth and pain Psychology 7e in Modules

25 Ashley Blocker (right) feels neither pain
Pain tells the body that something has gone wrong. Usually pain results from damage to the skin and other tissues. There is a rare disease in which the person feels no pain. OBJECTIVE 15-2| State the purpose of pain, and describe the biopsychosocial perspective on pain. AP Photo/ Stephen Morton Ashley Blocker (right) feels neither pain nor extreme hot or cold. Psychology 7e in Modules

26 Biopsychosocial Influences

27 Gate-Control Theory Melzak and Wall (1965, 1983) proposed that our spinal cord contains neurological “gates” that either block pain or allow it to be sensed. One way to treat chronic pain is to stimulate it through massage by electrical stimulation or acupuncture. Rubbing causes competitive stimulation to pain thus reduces its effect. Gary Comer/ PhototakeUSA.com Psychology 7e in Modules

28 Pain Control Pain can be controlled by a number of therapies including, drugs, surgery, acupuncture, exercise, hypnosis and even thought distraction. Burn victims can be distracted by allowing them to engage in illusory virtual reality. Their brain scans show differences in pain perceptions. Todd Richards and Aric Vills, U.W. ©Hunter Hoffman, Psychology 7e in Modules

29 Taste Traditionally taste sensations consisted of sweet, salty, sour and bitter tastes. Recently receptors for a fifth taste have been discovered called “Umami”. OBJECTIVE 15-3| Describe the sense of taste, and explain the principle of sensory interaction. Sweet Sour Salty Bitter Umami (Fresh Chicken) Psychology 7e in Modules

30 Sensory Interaction When one sense affects another sense sensory interaction takes place. So the taste of strawberry interacts with its smell and its texture on the tongue to produce flavor.

31 Smell Like taste smell is a chemical sense. Odorants enter the nasal cavity to stimulate 5 millions receptors to sense smell. Unlike taste there are many different forms of smells. OBJECTIVE 15-4| Describe the sense of smell and explain why specific odors so easily trigger memories. Psychology 7e in Modules

32 Age, Gender and Smell Ability to identify smell peaks during early adulthood but steadily decline after that. Women are better at detecting odors than men. Psychology 7e in Modules

33 Smell and Memories Brain region (red) for smell is closely connected with brain regions (limbic system) involved with memory, that is why strong memories are made through the sense of smell. Psychology 7e in Modules

34 Body Position and Movement
The sense of our body parts’ position and movement is called kinesthesis. And the vestibular sense monitors the head (and body’s) position. OBJECTIVE 15-5| Distinguish between kinesthesis and vestibular sense. Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works Whirling Dervishes Wire Walk Psychology 7e in Modules

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