1. Mammals

2. General Characteristics
Endothermic vertebrate with hair
Warm-blooded
Permits high level of activity at night and year- round (regardless of outside temperature)
Females have mammary glands
Function: make/secrete milk for young
About 5000 species
Ex: cats, dogs, humans, dolphins, elephants, kangaroo, whale, bat, rabbit, beaver, wolf, seal, mouse, platypus, chimpanzee, tiger

3. General Characteristics
High degree of parental care
Body covered by hair
In some, hair is reduced in size – like humans
All have an integument (external covering)
Contains: sweat, scent, sebaceous and mammary glands

4. General Characteristics
Breathe using lungs
Excrete using kidneys
Separate sexes
Young nourished by milk (made by the mammary glands)
Many have territories
These are areas from which individuals of the same species will reside
Will often resort to violence to protect these territories

5. classification Rodents Lagomorpha Hominids Insectivora
Ex: mice, squirrels, rats, woodchucks
Have two razor sharp incisors for gnawing
Lagomorpha
Ex: rabbits, hares, pikas
All are herbivores
Hominids
Ex: humans, gorilla, orangutan, chimps
Insectivora
Ex: moles, shrews
Diet consists of insects

6. Classification Carnivora Proboscidea
Ex: weasels, seals, walruses, dogs, wolves, cats, bears
Highly predatory animals,
Contain teeth for tearing flesh
Proboscidea
Ex: elephants
Largest of living land animals

7. Classification Perissodactyla Cetacea
Ex: horses, donkeys, zebras, rhinos
Often referred to as ungulates or the hoofed animals
Cetacea
Ex: dolphins, whales, porpoises
Limbs are modified into flippers
Live in aquatic environments only

8. Movement and response Skeleton Skeletal/bone make-up allows for:
High-speed running
Swimming
climbing trees
Movement of digits (fingers/toes) to help grasp objects
Joints allow for a greater range of motion

9. Movement and response Hair: Has become a modified sense “organ”
Purpose of hair:
Spines of porcupines—protection
Hair of most animals—insulation
Vibrissae (whiskers)—provide tactile sense
Slightest movement indicates minimal space available (cat/dog)

10. Movement and response Moveable eyelids Fleshy external ears
Well-developed brain
The largest brain in animal kingdom
Cerebrum—processes info for thinking and learning
High evolved brain allows for highly developed memory and capacity to learn topics/developmental milestones quicker

11. Movement and response Highly elaborate sensory organs
Provide mammals with a high level of environmental awareness and responsiveness
Senses: taste, smell, hearing, sight
Most have great eyesight
Many can’t see color
Many will use echolocation to communicate and/or navigate
Ex: Bats, dolphins

12. Digestion and Eating Teeth
Mammalian teeth are both more complicated and more efficient than in other vertebrates
Mammals are heterodonts (some of our teeth are different)
Specialized for variety of functions:
Includes: grind, stab, scissor, dig, chisel, sieve and lift (elephants tusks)

13. Digestion and Eating Teeth, cont.
Teeth in mammals come in four different sorts:
Incisors, Canines, Premolars and Molars.
Not all mammals have all
Use this variety to eat a wide variety of food
Most placental mammals have between 20 and 40 teeth, while most marsupials have 30 to 50.
As a general rule animals that feed on insects have more teeth than either herbivores or the larger carnivores.

14. Digestion and Eating Contain a secondary palate
Separates air passageway from the food passageway
Allows mammals to hold (and partially break down food) in mouths without interrupting breathing

15. Digestion and Eating Have many feeding adaptations Other adaptations:
Insectivores are often small
Herbivores have two groups
Groups: browsers and grazers
Have large molars adapted for grinding
Carnivores have large canines
Adapted for ripping/tearing meat
Other adaptations:
Ruminants (cattle, bison, goats) have a four- chambered stomach

16. Digestion and Eating Energy and Wastes Digestive tract
Require much energy to keep a constant body temp
Produce a variety of waste products (uric acid, urine, feces, etc)
Digestive tract
If mammals eats only plants, longer digestive tract
Why? takes longer to digest plants/cellulose
If eat only meat, shorter digestive tract

17. respiration Require a large amount of oxygen for respiration
2 organ adaptations for this:
Diaphragm:
Muscle that contracts and therefore, allows for more rapid/controlled breathing
Four-chambered heart:
Separates blood into oxygen-rich/oxygen- poor

18. Life cycle All have internal fertilization All have mammary glands
3 groups of Mammal life cycles:
Placental:
Marsupials:
Monotremes:

19. Life cycle Placental: Develop inside mother’s body
95% of mammals are this
Placenta—organ which allows for nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and wastes to be exchanged

20. Life cycle Placental, cont.:
Gestation period—time that embryo stays in the mother’s body
Humans: 9 months, Elephants: 27 months, Mice: 21 days
Mammary gland—young continue to feed by suckling
Ex: humans, dolphin, elephant, most mammals

21. Life cycle Marsupials: Monotremes:
Give birth to small, immature young that develop in a mother’s external sac (kangaroo)
Mothers can move around and look for food while baby develops in the pouch
Ex: kangaroo, koala, panda
Monotremes:
Mammals that give birth by laying eggs
Incubate using her heat
Ex: platypus