1. Measure distance of celestial bodies
이주원 정지혁 조완

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Group
Tarenghi, Massimo, et al. "The Hercules supercluster. I-Basic data." The Astrophysical Journal 234 (1979):

3. Measurement methods Standard candles Statistic method
Cepheid variables
Supernovae
Statistic method
Main sequence fitting
Tully-Fisher relation
Surface Brightness fluctuation

4. Cepheid Variables 𝑀=−2.76 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑃−1 −4.16 Surface atoms ionized
Transparency increase
Temperature increase
Temperature decrease
Transparency decrease
Surface atoms unionized
𝑀=−2.76 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑃−1 −4.16

5. Type Ia supernovae
𝑀≈−17.5

6. Main sequence fitting

7. Tully-Fisher relation
𝑀=−9.5 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑊 𝑅 −2.5 −21.67
𝑊 𝑅 is 𝑘𝑚/𝑠 unit
Aaronson, M., et al. "A catalog of infrared magnitudes and HI velocity widths for nearby galaxies." The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 50 (1982):

8. Surface brightness fluctuation

9. New measurement methods
Electromagnetic wave signal (EM wave)
gravitational-wave
& multi-messenger astronomy
Gravitational wave signal
(GW)

10. Standard Siren Standard candle Standard Siren
The two objects rapidly spiral together 
Cepheid variables
Supernovae

11. Principle of Standard Siren
Two-neutron-star
binary system, 𝑓 100
Distance 𝑟 100
Angular momentum axis
Angle ι
elliptical polarization of GW
Earth
𝑟 100 = 7.8 𝑓 100 −2 ( ℎ× 𝜏) −1
(ℎ: r.m.s. value of amplitude
averaged over orientations)

12. LIGO’s measurement of H0
d= − Mpc
𝐻 0 = − km s−1 Mpc−1
LIGO Scientific Collaboration et al., A gravitational-wave standard siren measurement of the Hubble constant, Nature 551, 85 (2017).

13. Reference
Zeilik, Michael, and Elske van Panhuys Smith. Introductory astronomy and astrophysics. Philadelphia: Saunders College Pub., c nd ed. (1987).
Karttunen, Hannu, et al., eds. Fundamental astronomy. Springer, 2016.
LIGO Scientific Collaboration et al., A gravitational-wave standard siren measurement of the Hubble constant, Nature 551, 85 (2017).
Bernard F. Schutz , Determining the Hubble constant from gravitational wave observations ,Nature 323, 25 (1986)