1. Bloody War for the Holy Land
The Crusades
Bloody War for the Holy Land

2. Jerusalem After fall of Roman Empire 1000 Turks (Muslims) took control
Controlled by Muslims (and surrounding Palestine)
Jews & Christians had religious freedom
1000 Turks (Muslims) took control
Closed Jerusalem from Jews & Christians
Invaded Christian lands
Went to Pope for help

3. Pope Urban II 1095
Called to reclaim Palestine (current day Israel) and Jerusalem
Funded by English & French monarchies; & Holy Roman Empire
Motivations:
Religious
Political
Economic

4. Why? Religious:
Church issue with what to do with poor “laymen” (non-clergy, no $ to live pious life = no means to reach salvation)
Civil violence in Europe
Refocus people on Muslims & getting Jerusalem
SO – a pilgrimage would give the people a focus away from inequalities in Europe
- A means of salvation
- central the Pope’s power

5. Why: political Competition among European monarchies for land
Especially in Holy Land
Threat by Turks (Byzantine Empire)
Consolidate to “protect” Christendom
Join forces with Catholic Church

6. Why? Economic Gain access to Islamic markets & Far East trade routes
New goods
New markets to sell European goods
Get Constantinople = center of trade routes

7. What happened? First Crusade: 1096 - 1099
Trek to Holy Land
Red Cross on tunics
10k Knights
50k Soldiers
Won
3 feudal kings
Antioch
Tripoli
Edessa

9. 2nd Crusade: 1147-1149 Too dependent on Europe for $$
Constantly needed reinforcements

10. 3rd Crusade: 1191 Fallen to Muslim forces under Saladin
Richard the Lionhearted was great warrior king of England
Not able to regain Jerusalem
Ended in treaty with Saladin
Okay for Christian pilgrimages to Jerusalem

11. End of Crusades Like a business cycle – up and down 1271-1291:
4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th :
Muslim leader Baybars ended
Crusader kingdoms were weak

12. result Didn’t gain or hold Islamic territories
BUT increased European and Islamic influences
Culture
Economy
i.e spices
Philosophy - agriculture
Astronomy - coffee
Mathematics - granulated sugar
Science silk
Encouraged exploration - Cotton

13. More impacts Decline of Byzantine Empire
Rise of Ottoman Turks and Russia
Power of Catholic Church grew (bigger than any other religion)
European commercial ventures in Middle East
$ back to Italian peninsula
Birth of Renaissance
European contact with Asia and Africa
Exploration
More impacts

14. Green: Crusades