1. Introduction
There are an estimated 11 million unauthorized illegal aliens living in the U.S.
Some estimates are significantly higher than that.
Immigration enforcement made a national priority after 9/11
Blame fell on the former Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) for failing to track students not complying with the student visa program
All terrorist involved with 9/11 were in the U.S. on student visas
INS’s ineffectiveness highly criticized
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2. History Homeland Security Act (November 25, 2002)
Abolished INS March 2, 2003
Transferred its functions to three Department of Homeland Security (DHS) agencies
Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (BCIS)
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
ICE is the largest branch of the DHS
First director, Julie Meyers controversial
Accusations of cronyism in the Bush administration
Meyers did not meet ICE statutory requirements and became appointed despite senate and law enforcement opposition
Copyright © 2018 Carolina Academic Press. All rights reserved.

3. History (Cont’d) Nearly $6 billion budget
20,000 employees in over 400+ offices in the U.S.
Primary mission of ICE:
To promote public safety and national security by deterring illegal immigration, preventing immigration-related crimes, and removing persons who entered the U.S. illegally
Two principle operating components of ICE:
1) Homeland Security Investigations (HSI)
2) Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO)
Copyright © 2018 Carolina Academic Press. All rights reserved.

4. History (Cont’d)
ICE’s mission has expanded, including a wide variety of criminal enforcement efforts that may be connected to terrorism
E.g., money laundering, weapons trafficking, child pornography, cyber crimes, identity theft, and the theft of cultural property
Copyright © 2018 Carolina Academic Press. All rights reserved.

5. Organization and Personnel
ICE consists of:
Director’s Leadership Offices
Office of Public Affairs (OPA)
Committed to outreach to the media, telling the story of ICE, and building public support for ICE’s mission
Office of Congressional Relations (OCR)
Handles outreach to Congress and promoting greater understanding of ICE operations, policies, and programs among members of Congress, Congressional committees and their staffs
Copyright © 2018 Carolina Academic Press. All rights reserved.

6. Organization and Personnel (Cont’d)
Director’s Leadership Offices (Cont’d)
Office of the Principal Legal Advisor (OPLA)
The largest legal program in the DHS and provides legal advice, training and service in cases related to the ICE mission, and is the legal representative for the U.S. government in exclusion, deportation, and removal proceedings
Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR)
Upholds DHS standards for integrity and professionalism by investigating allegations of employee misconduct, inspecting and reviewing ICE offices, operations and processes
Also oversees agency’s detention functions to ensure compliance with agency standards
Copyright © 2018 Carolina Academic Press. All rights reserved.

7. Organization and Personnel (Cont’d)
Director’s Leadership Offices (Cont’d)
Office of Detention Policy and Planning (ODPP)
Responsible for designing a detention system that meets ICE’s unique needs as well as reforming the current system through long term improvements and providing detainees with appropriate medical care
Office of State, Local and Tribunal Coordination (OSLCT)
Responsible for building, improving and coordinating with state, local, and tribal governments, law enforcement agencies, and non-governmental organizations
Three primary investigation and operation offices
ERO, HSI, and Management and Administration (M&A)
Copyright © 2018 Carolina Academic Press. All rights reserved.

8. ERO
Prioritized apprehension of criminals who threaten security to the nation
Transports and manages aliens held in custody
Provides legal resources to groups and individuals who are to be deported
Sub-offices and programs of ERO:
ICE Health Service Corps
Provides medical care and public health services to more than 15,000 detainees in transit or housed in one of 24 designated facilities throughout the nation, and oversees medical care to an additional 17,000 detainees
Copyright © 2018 Carolina Academic Press. All rights reserved.

9. The full set of 446 slides is available upon adoption
The full set of 446 slides is available upon adoption. If you are a professor using this book for a class, please contact Beth at to request your slides