1. Primates
Anthropology

2. Primatology

3. Mammalian Characteristics
Fur covering body
Endothermy
Viviparous
Mammary glands
Omnivorous
-Specialized teeth

4. Primate Characteristics
Opposable thumbs
Prehensile (Grasping) hands & feet
Forward facing eyes (Stereoscopic vision determines depth perception)
Large cerebrums
Clavicle (Allows arms to increase in mobility)
Prehensile tail
Rotating forearm
Color vision
Singular births (Quality, not quantity)

5. Primate Social Features
Diurnal
Long dependency period (Allows infants to observe & learn)
Play or imitation (Important for learning, practicing skills)

7. Primate Phylogeny

8. Primate Classification
Prosimians – premonkeys
Lemurs
Lorises
Tarsiers
Anthropoids
New world monkeys (Platyrrhines)
Old world monkeys (Catarrhines)
Lesser apes (Gibbons & Siamangs)
Great apes (Orangutans, gorillas, & Chimpanzees
Humans

9. Prosimian Traits
Better sense of smell than vision (Use scent glands or urine to mark territory)
Mobile ears
Longer snouts
Single offspring (twins are common in some species)
Quadrupedal
Vertical clinging & leaping
Arboreal
Nocturnal

10. Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Primates
Suborder:
Strepsirrhini

11. Prosimian Types SUBORDER - Strepsirhines (Wet nosed)
All have a dental comb (Tightly clustered incisors & canine teeth—used for grooming)
FOUND IN MADAGASCAR
Lemurs (vegetarians, females dominate males for food)
Indris
Aye-ayes
FOUND IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Loris (Slow, hand over hand, quadrupedal movement)
Bushbabies (Quick, active, kangaroo hop on the ground)
SUBORDER - Haplorhines (Dry nosed)
FOUND IN PHILIPPINES & INDONESIA
Tarsiers – Carnivorous, named from elongated tarsal bones
Bushbaby

12. Madagascar

13. Southeast asia
Philippines

14. Prosimians

15. Lemurs

16. Indris

17. Aye-Ayes

18. Lorises
Walk slowly, hand over hand
Also vertical leapers

19. Bushbabies
Family : Galagonidae

20. Tarsiers

21. Anthropoids Types Humans Apes Monkeys Traits Rounded braincase
Non-mobile outer ears
Small flat faces without muzzles
Highly developed placenta
Dextrous hands
Grouping
Platyrrhines – New world monkeys (Central & South Americas)
Catarrhines – Old world monkeys (Africa, Asia, & Europe)

22. Platyrrhines “New world” Have broad flat-bridged noses
Nostrils facing outward
Most have prehensile tail
Completely arboreal
Two groups
Marmosets
Tamarins
Cebid monkeys

23. Marmosets & Tamarins Very small Have claws instead of nails
Give birth to twins
Some Monogamy, others Polyandry
Omnivores (fruit, tree sap, insects)
Fathers aid in parental care (carrying of young)

24. Marmosets Name means a grotesque figure or ugly little boy
genera: Callithrix

25. Tamarins

26. Cebids Larger than marmosets Single offspring Ominvores
Capuchin monkey
Howler monkeys

27. Cebids New world monkeys Preyed on by ocelots and jaguars
Communicate by urinating on themselves and rubbing a tree
Thumbs that cannot grip against the fingers

28. Catarrhines “Old world” = CERCOPITHECOIDS
Some arboreal, some terrestrial, some both

29. Colobine Monkeys
Asian langurs
African colobus
Langur Monkey

30. Colobus

31. Colobine Monkeys Arboreal Herbivorous – leaves & seeds
Mothers allow other group members to care for their infants shortly after birth
Males not in group will kill infants

32. Cercopithecine Monkeys
Exhibit sexual dimorphism
Males larger than females
Males have longer canine teeth
Males are more aggressive
Depend more on fruit than colobine monkeys
Have cheek pouches to carry/store food
Have ischial callosities to make sitting in trees or land for a long time more comfortable, and for sexual displays
Mandrillus sphinx

33. Mandrill Baboons

34. Japanese & Rhesus Macaques

35. Ischial Callosities (Callouses)

36. Hominoids Lesser apes – hylobates Great apes – pongids
Humans – hominids
General Traits
Large brains (Cerebral cortex)
Long arms
Short, broad trunks
No tails

37. Hylobates – Lesser apes
Gibbons & Siamangs
Omnivores (Fruit, leaves, & insects)
Brachiators
Monogamous
No sexual dimorphism

38. Gibbons

39. Siamangs
Name means “Dwells in trees”

40. Pongids
Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzees

41. Orangutans Found only in Sumatra & Borneo
Name means people of the forest
Sexually dimorphic (Males ~200 lbs larger with cheek pads, throat pouches, and beards)
Heaviest arboreal primates
Eat mainly fruit
Live solitary lives
Maybe due to lack of food
Maybe easier to hide from human predators
Maybe large size prevents natural predation, so no need to live in groups

43. Gorilla Herbivorous Have unique nose prints
Largest of the apes (Males up to 450 lbs and females up to 250 lbs)
Knuckle walking to distribute weight
Dominant male called a silverback
Average adult male eats 50 lbs of food per day

47. Chimpanzees From the genus Pan
Arboreal & terrestrial (move best on the ground)
Uses tools such as leaves for personal hygiene or drinking water
Have ability to learn sign language
Eat lizards, birds and actively hunt larger animals (Colobus monkeys & baboons)
Knuckle-walk