1. By. Ratna Andhika S. Pd. M. Hum.
English Phonology
By. Ratna Andhika S. Pd. M. Hum.

2. What is phonology?
Is a branch of linguistics which study about the function and patterning of sounds.
Is a study of phoneme

3. Phonology
Phonetics
the study of sound production in any human language.
Articulatory
How the sound produced by the organ of speech.
2. Acoustics
How the sounds are transmitted
3. Auditory
How the sounds are received by the llistener.
Phonemics the study of sound pattern in a specific language. Concern in a study of phoneme and the sound of language.

4. Articulatory Phonetics
Is the study of sounds production in any human language. It means that any language in the world has the same system of sound production because human have the same organ of speech. They are:
Nose cavity : nose
Mouth cavity : lips, teeth, tongue, alveolar, teeth and teeth ridge.
Pharyngeal cavity : throat, glotis /epiglotis/, vocal cord
Chest cavity: lung

5. phonemics=phoneme
Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound which distinguished the meaning.
SEGMENTAL PHONEME
1.1 .Vowel
1.2. consonant
1.3. diphthong
1.4. triphthong
2. SUPRASEGMENTAL
2.1. pitch (titi nada)
2.2. intonation (intonasi)
2.3. stress (tekanan)
2.4. juncture (jeda)

6. /i:/; /ɪ/;/ u:/;/ ʊ/; /e/; /ɜ:/;/ ə/; /ɔ:/;/æ/; /ʌ/;*/ɑ:/; /ɒ/
1.1. VOWEL = 12 phonemes
The sound that when it is produced, there is no obstruction and the air stream comes through without any block of some points.
/i:/; /ɪ/;/ u:/;/ ʊ/; /e/; /ɜ:/;/ ə/; /ɔ:/;/æ/; /ʌ/;*/ɑ:/; /ɒ/
The classification of vowel
Quality
Depends on the quality of timbre/ resonance of chamber. E. g. /i:/ and /i/
b. Quantity
Depends on the time / the long of the sounds when it is sounded. e.g. /u/ and /u:/

7. The criteria of vowel Spreading: /ae/, /i/ 2. The height of the tongue
1. The position of the lips
Rounded /o/,/o:/, /u/, /u:/
Unrounded /a:/, /i/, /i:/
Normal : /i/, /e/, /a/, /3:/
Spreading: /ae/, /i/
2. The height of the tongue
Close : /i/, /i:/, /u/, /u:/
Half close : /e/, /ae/,
Open : / /, /o/
Half open : /a:/, /o:/

8. 3. The part of the tongue -front vowel: /o/, /i:/, /e/, ae/ -central vowel : / /, /3:/ -back vowel : /u/, /u:/, / /,/a:/

9. 1.2. CONSONANT = 24 phonemes
The sound that during the production, the air stream is blocked at some point.
/p/pit /b/ bin
/t/ tin /d/ din
/k/ cut /g/ gut
/tʃ/cheap /dʒ/jeep
/f/fat /v/ vat
/θ/thin /ð/Then
/s/ sap /z/ zap
/ʃ/she /ʒ/Measure
/w/ we /m/ map
/l/ lap /n/ nap
/r/ run /j/ yes
/h/ ham /ŋ/Bang

10. Consonant clasification
1. The position of the vocal cord
Voiced consonant
When the sound is produced, the vocal cord is vibrated.
E. g. /b/, /g/, /d/,/z/
b. Voiceless consonant
When the sound is produced, the vocal cord is not vibrated. E. g. /t/, /f/, /s/, /k/

11. 2. The place of articulation 1. Bilabial : two lips are exploded e. g
2. The place of articulation 1. Bilabial : two lips are exploded e. g. /p/, /b/, /m/ 2. Labiodental : the lip is touching the upper teeth e. g. /v/, /f/ 3. Dental : the lip of the tongue is touching the upper teeth e. g. / /, / / 4. Alveolar : the lip of the tongue is touching the teeth ridge e. g. /t/, /d/, /s/ 5. Post alveolar : the lip of the tongue is touching the back of the teeth ridge e.g. /r/= rain,. 6. Palato alveolar : the blade of the tongue is touching the teeth ridge while the tongue comes up. E. g. /s/, / /,/ /, / / 7. Palatal: the front of the tongue is touching the hard palate e.g. /j/ 8. Velar /soft palate : the back of the tongue is touching the soft palate /k/, /g/ 9. Glottal : is represented the unpronounced sound in a word. E. g. it is all right /it iz lrait/

12. Nasal (sengau) : /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ Lateral (pinggir) : /l/
3. The manner of articulation
Plosives (meletupkan): /p/, /b/
Affricates (menggosok) : /tʃ/, /dʒ/ives
Nasal (sengau) : /m/, /n/, /ŋ/
Lateral (pinggir) : /l/
Fricatives (mendesis) : /f/, /v/, /s/, /z/
Semi vowel (semi=setengah) : /w/, /j/

13. Diagram of the consonant clasification
bilabial
labiodental
dental
Alveolar
Palato alveolar
Palatal
Velar
glottal
Plosive
Africate
Nasal
Lateral
Fricatives
Semi-vowel
p, b m w
f, v
θ, ð
t, d n l
s, z, r
tʃ, dʒ ʒ j
k, g ŋ h

14. Ending in /i/: /ei/, /ai/,/oi/ Ending in /u/: /au/,/əu/
1.3. DIPHTHONG : are sounds which consist of movement or glide from one vowel to another vowel without interruption.
There are two kinds of diphthongs:
The centering diphthong are sounds/ diphthongs glide towards the sound / ə/ vowel. e. g. /iə/, /oə/,/uə/,/eə/
The closing diphthongs are diphthongs end with a glide towards a closer vowel.
Ending in /i/: /ei/, /ai/,/oi/
Ending in /u/: /au/,/əu/ ə

15. 1. Centering diphthong /skeə/-scare-/eə/ /tuə/-tour-/uə/
The example of diphthong
1. Centering diphthong
/fiəz/- fierce-/iə/
/skeə/-scare-/eə/
/tuə/-tour-/uə/
2. Closing diphthong
Time -/taim/-/ai/
Voice-/voiz/-/oi/
Load-/ləud/-/əu/

16. e. g.- ei+ ə =/eiə/=player /pleiə/
1.4. TRIPHTHONG : are a glide from one vowel to another vowel then towards the third vowel without interruption.
e. g.- ei+ ə =/eiə/=player /pleiə/
- ai+ə = /aiə/=fire /faiər/
- oi+ə = /oiə/= royal /roiəl

17. b. Consonant cluster at the final position Swept, depth, welsh etc.
1.5. CLUSTER (consonant cluster)
The English language permits a number of consonant clusters. They are consonant sounds put together and pronounced as a glide. As in spray /sprei/, flash/flaeʃ/
a. Consonant cluster at the initial position:
splash, fry, pray, blue, scale etc.
/splaeʃ/ /frai/ /prei/ /blu:/ /skeal/
b. Consonant cluster at the final position
Swept, depth, welsh etc.
/swept/ /depθ/ /welS/

18. Phoneme v.s Allophone
Phoneme is the smallest unit of sounds which distinguished the meaning. Look at these minimal pairs:
Scene sane sign sawn sown
Mean main mine morn moan
Bean bane bine born bone
Keen cane kine corn cone
Feel fail file fall foal

19. Allophone is the variant of phoneme
Allophone is the variant of phoneme. A phoneme has variant or different pronunciation called allophones. The difference comes from different phonetic (pengucapany).
a. Aspirated : /p/, /t/,/k/ are pronounced ‘aspirated’ at the initial position.
e. g. pike [phaik], time [thaim], cat [khæt]
b. unaspirated at the final or the middle position.
e. g. cat [khæt]