1. T-tests using Excel Comparing group means under 2 conditions
Different people (between group design)
On ground vs online
Test score data example
The means differ, but is it significant?

2. T-tests using Excel Excel command - ttest(array1, array2, tails, type)
Choose 1 or 2 tails
1 means the hypothesis is directional - e.g., predicting the 2nd set is higher than the 1st
2 means you aren’t sure, or you are predicting either
Choose type
1= paired or within group/repeated measures
2= 2 samples with equal variance between group
Test using an “F-test 2 sample for variance” in excel
3= 2 samples with unequal variance between group
Assume unequal variance unless you have tested it
So for our example
=ttest(B5:B24,C5:C24,2,3)
If “2 samples”, check for equal variance using f test command
ftest(array 1, array2)
If p>.05, the variances of the two populations are unequal so use #3

3. T-tests using Excel Comparing group means under 2 conditions
On ground vs online
P>.05, so no statistically significant difference between the two groups

4. Running a T-test in Excel
On ground vs online
Test scores
This time, p<.05, so there is a statistically significant difference between the two groups

5. Chi-Square in Excel example
Assume you have applied a rubric to determine whether students have met your program standards for an outcome
Compare online and on ground to see if they differ significantly in their success