1. Empa, Air Pollution/Environmental Technologies
Parallel measurements of PM10, PM2.5, PM1 and particle number concentrations in Switzerland
Robert Gehrig
Empa, Air Pollution/Environmental Technologies
CH-8600 Dübendorf

2. Content Relevance of different parameters Comparison PM10, PM2.5, PM1
Particle number concentrations

3. PM10 and PM2.5
Health related information
Thoracic fraction (PM10)
Alveolar fraction (PM2.5)
Coarse fraction (PM10-2.5)

4. Typical urban aerosol (EPA 1982)
diameter (mm)

5. PM10 and PM1
Source related information
Combustion particles and secondary aerosols (PM1)
Crustal and mechanically produced particles (PM10-PM1)

6. NABEL sites with collocated measurements

7. Chaumont
Bern
Payerne
Zürich

8. Härkingen

9. PM10
PM2.5
PM1
PM: annual means

10. Seasonal trends of PM10 and PM2.5 Monthly means 1998-2005

11. Seasonal trends of PM10 and PM1 Monthly means 1998-2005

12. PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 (mean concentrations 2003-2005)

13. Average daily ratios PM2.5/PM10 PM1/PM10 Basel (suburban) 0.76 0.60
Lugano (urban)
Zürich (urban)
Payerne (rural)
Chaumont (rural, 1100 m asl)
Härkingen (motorway)
Bern (street canyon)

14. Frequency distribution of the daily ratios PM2.5/PM10

15. Long-term trends of PM2.5/PM10-ratios (1998-2005)

16. Correlation r2 of the parallel PM10- and PM2
Correlation r2 of the parallel PM10- and PM2.5- measurements (daily values )
Basel (suburban)
Lugano (urban)
Zürich (urban)*)
Payerne (rural)
Bern (street canyon)
Chaumont (rural, 1100 m asl) 0.85
*) only

17. PM und meteorology (daily values)
Zürich
400 m
Jura m
Basel
250 m
70 km

18. PM und meteorology (daily values)
Zürich
400 m
Alpen m
Lugano
200 m
150 km

19. PM und meteorology (daily values)
Payerne
500 m
Chaumont
1100 m
20 km

20. Particle numbers
Dominated by fresh combustion particles (Ultrafine particles < 100 nm)
Not covered by particle mass measurements (Mass of one 10µm-particle = nm particles)
Specific health effects possible

21. Particle number concentrations (annual mean 2005)

22. Residence time of particles in the atmosphere
(Jaenicke 1982)
Residence time of the aerosol near ground
1 week
scavenging
1 day
1 hour
residence time (s)
diffusion/coagulation n
sedimentation
1 minute
1 second
aerodynamic diameter (µm)

23. Härkingen (motorway) Influence of wind direction
PM1 NO
PM10
NO2
particle numbers (part/cm3)
PM10 and PM1 (µg/m3)
nitrogen oxides (ppm)

24. Typical particle size distribution at Härkingen

25. Particle numbers vs. PM10-concentrations

26. Fine particles in January 2006 (Härkingen)

27. Fine particles in January 2006 (Härkingen)

28. Fine particles in January 2006 (Härkingen)

29. Conclusions PM2.5: Health related sampling (long term effects)
PM10-PM2.5: Health related sampling (short term effects)
PM1: Combustion aerosols, secondary aerosols
PM10-PM1: Crustal and mechanically produced particles
Particle numbers: Ultrafine particles
PM measurements
often highly correlated and homogeneously distributed over large areas
Particle number concentrations
low correlation with PM, high spacial variability

30. Weekly cycle of particle number concentrations
Partikelanzahl
Verkehr