1. Apartheid Review Reminders

2. Case studies
Material for detailed study
Case study 1:  Civil rights movement in the United States  (1954–1965)
Nature and characteristics of discrimination
Racism and violence against African Americans; the Ku Klux Klan; disenfranchisement
Segregation and education; Brown versus Board of Education decision (1954); Little Rock (1957)
Economic and social discrimination; legacy of the Jim Crow laws; impact on individuals
Protests and action
Non-violent protests; Montgomery bus boycott (1955–1956); Freedom Rides (1961); Freedom Summer (1964
Legislative changes: Civil Rights Act (1964); Voting Rights Act (1965)
The role and significance of key actors/groups
Key actors: Martin Luther King Jr; Malcolm X; Lyndon B Johnson
Key groups: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP); Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); the Nation of Islam (Black Muslims)

3. Case studies
Material for detailed study
Case study 2: Apartheid South Africa (1948–1964)
Nature and characteristics of discrimination
“Petty Apartheid” and “Grand Apartheid” legislation
Division and “classification”; segregation of populations and amenities; creation of townships/forced removals; segregation of education; Bantustan system; impact on individuals
Protests and action
Non-violent protests: bus boycotts; defiance campaign, Freedom Charter
Increasing violence: the Sharpeville massacre (1960) and the decision to adopt the armed struggle
Official response: the Rivonia trial (1963–1964) and the imprisonment of the ANC leadership
The role and significance of key actors/groups
Key individuals: Nelson Mandela; Albert Luthuli
Key groups: the African National Congress (ANC); the South African Communist Party (SACP) and the MK (Umkhonto we Sizwe—“Spear of the Nation”)

4. Stage 1: Petty apartheid
1948—Nationalist Party wins election and starts passing laws that build the foundations of the apartheid system.
This system is much more ideological than its segregationist predecessor
Stage 1: Petty apartheid
Ensure the complete domination, economic and political, of White over Black
Most legislation set up during this period
Stage 2: Grand apartheid
Initiated by HF Verwoerd in
Main objective was the complete territorial segregation of South Africa, leading ultimately to full independence of each part.
Argued moral legitimacy based on Africans being allowed to achieve full independence.

5. Nature and characteristics of discrimination in the apartheid system.
Discuss the two stages
Population Registration Act 1950
Mixed Marriages Act 1949
Immorality Act 1950
Reservation of Separate Amenities Act 1953
Group areas Act 1950
Pass Laws Act 1952
Group Areas Act (1950)
Natives Resettlement Act (1954)
Group Areas Development Act (1955)
Bantu Education Act (1953)
Extension of University Education Act (1959)
Bantustan System
Bantu Authorities Act (1951)
Promotion of Bantu Self Government Act (1959)

6. Defiance Campaign 1952
Designed to apply pressure on the government and force it to repeal apartheid legislation and negotiate with the ANC
Methods:
Defiance of apartheid laws through non-violent acts of civil disobedience.
Police would have no choice but to arrest thousands bringing global attention.
Prisons would filled to the breaking point.
Other racial groups would be involved.
Was the Defiance Campaign a success? (pages 54-55)
Why were the bus boycotts more successful?
Remember: The system has been built legally and in many ways will require the support of the white community to change legislation.

7. Sharpeville Massacre and the MK
March
An anti-pass protest organized by the PAC (Pan Africanist Congress)
5000 people congregated outside the Sharpeville police station without their passes. The sequence of events is unclear but at some point police opened fire on the unarmed demonstrators killing 69.
Thousands of ANC and PAC leaders were arrested.
Political gatherings were outlawed.
April —Unlawful Organizations Act
ANC and PAC officially banned.
By the end of 1961 the MK had been formed.

8. Rivonia Trial 1963-1964 Mandela has been arrested in August 1962.
The safe house, Liliesleaf Farm, for the leadership of the ANC, SACP, and MK was raided in July 1963.
Leaders of the MK were arrested in possession of a document that showed a detailed plan for a revolutionary guerilla war.
Eleven defendants including Mandela were put on trial for treason.
Main law charged under was the Sabotage Act of 1962
Admitted sabotage but denied that it has put any lives in danger. Strategy was to politicize the trial by arguing moral legitimacy conducted on behalf of the people for freedom and democracy.
All found guilty and sentenced to life in prison.

9. Groups and people to review
ANC
SACP MK
Luthuli
Mandela