1. Emotions and Stress I can't take it!
NO SPECIES EXPRESSES EMOTIONS MORE THEN HUMAN BEINGS,
WE EXPRESS FEAR, ANGER, SDNESS, JOY AND LOVE.

2. What Are Emotions?
They are complex feelings with both biological and cognitive aspects. They have three states:
A. Physiological arousal (feelings)
B. Expressive behavior (behaviors)
C. Conscious experience (thought)

3. Emotion can be experienced without cognition.
A CURENT CONTROVERSY IN PSYCHOLOGY IS WHETHER EMOTION PREDOMINATES OUR COGNITION OR VICE VERSE

4. Emotion plays several functions

5. When you become emotional Your Body Becomes Prepared for Mobilization.

6. Is Emotional Arousal Good or Bad?
Can be taxing
Or it can be adaptive.

7. High States of Arousal Leads to Anxiety.

8. What Is a Polygraph Test?

9. Expressing Emotions

10. What Is the Best Way to Determine Emotions?.

11. Psychologists Correlate Various Emotions With Facial Muscles.
Electrodes can actually detect your reaction to certain stimulus. .

12. Facial Expressions Can Actually Guide Our Emotions.
facial expressions seem to send messages to our autonomic nervous system.

13. The facial effect program explains why people across cultures express emotions similarly
Emotions activate nerve impulses that make the face display appropriate expressions

14. The facial feedback hypothesis
Mimicking the facial movements associated with an emotion enhances the corresponding emotional state.

15. Experiencing Emotions

16. In 1977, Carroll Izard Isolated Ten Basic Emotions.
Happiness/joy
Interest/excitement
Surprise
Sadness
Anger
Disgust
Contempt

17. Cont.
Fear
Shame
Guilt

18. ANGER

19. Anger Seems to Be Caused by Two Things:
1. Perceived misdeeds.
2. Blameless annoyances

20. We Reduce Anger by Releasing It Through Aggressive Action or Fantasy.
This is called the catharsis hypothesis

21. .
Anger can be assuaged when you can communicate your frustrations towards what is causing the anger

22. Happiness

23. Happiness Seems to Color Everything Else.

24. When we are happy, we are more willing to help others.
This is the feeling good do good phenomenon

25. Our lives are really a series of emotional ups and downs.

26. There Are Two Psychological Principles Which Explain This.
The adaptation level principal
The relative depravation principle

27. The Adaptation Level Principle.

28. We Have a Neutral Level

29. The Relative Deprivation Principle

30. What Makes People Happy?
related to heredity.

31. Happy People Seem to Have the Following Characteristics:
High self-esteem
Optimism and outgoingness
Close friendships
Satisfying relationships
Work and leisure activities that engage ones skills
A meaningful religious faith
Good diet and exercise regiment.

32. Happiness is not a function of what you have, but of what you make of it

33. Theories of Emotion

34. There Are Several Theories Relative to Emotion, Most Acceptable Are:
The James-Lang theory
The Canon-Bard theory
The Schechter-Singer Theory of Emotion

35. The James –Lang Theory
emotions are the result of physiological responses.

36. The Canon-Bard Theory
Physiological responses and emotional experiences occur simultaneously.

37. The Shacter Singer Theory of Emotion
We identify our emotions by observing our environment

38. Research tells us
Biological arousal is associated with specific emotions
Emotions are correlated to different areas of the cortex

39. Stress
A Process by Which We Appraise and Cope With Environmental Threats and Challenges.

40. The study of emotions help us to understand the handling of stress

41. How and why do we experience stress?

42. Stress is determined by several aspects of a situation:
1. QUALITY AND INTENSITY
2. HOW WE INTERPRET IT
3. RESOURCES AVAILABLE
4. DIFFICULTY OF DEMANDS

43. Many Psychologists feel that stress is a response not a situation

44. There are three general types of stressors
Cataclysmic events
Personal stressors
Background stressors

45. Cataclysmic events
Occur suddenly and dramatically

46. Personal stressors
Job loss, failed marriage

47. Background stressors

48. Some people suffer simply by being told about a catastrophe
Vicarious tramatization

49. Some suffer trauma from humiliation
Breaking a romantic relationship

50. Many psychologists feel that you need to deal with this type of problem in different ways.

51. Another Type of stress is Burnout

52. Caretaker stress
Called compassion fatigue or secondary traumatic stress

53. Affected caretakers begin to use a silencing response

54. Is stress positive or negative?

55. The Stress Response System

56. In 1929 Walter Canon propounded that the body has a stress response system.

57. The pituitary secretes two stress hormones.
1. the thyrotrophic hormone (TTH)
2. adrenocorticothropic hormone (ACTH
ACTH IMPACTS THERELEASE OF ABOUT THIRTY HORMONES BY VARIOUS ORGANS

58. 40 years later Hans Selye, a Canadian endocrinologist expanded Canon’s idea.

59. The G.A.S. Has Three Phases
1. The alarm phase

60. The Resistance Phase .

61. The Exhaustion Phase
SELYE ARGUESTHAT PROLONGED STRESS CAN PRODUCE PHYSICAL DETERIORATION.

62. Selye says sometimes people withdraw or freeze
Called the passive fear response
Can produce general inhibition syndrome

63. The tend and befriend model of stress response
It effects females more
Called the bonding response

64. Studies show that this support response is important.

65. What Is It That Provokes Stress?

66. Stress and Heart Disease

67. Psychoneuroimmunologists have identified three main consequences of stress
Direct physiological results
Increase in unhealthy behaviors
Indirect consequences

68. Stress overstimulates the immune system

69. Stress decreases immune system response

70. Personality characteristics which reduce stress
Cognitive hardiness
Resiliency

71. Cognitive hardiness

72. People with this possess three perspectives:
Challenge
Commitment
Internal locus of control

73. Maintaining well being
Resiliency
Maintaining well being

74. cognitive strategies to help cope with stress

75. Optimistic thinking .

76. Optimists have three characteristics:
Attribute problems to specifics
Blame problems on externals
Assumes problems are temporary I

77. Cognitive restructuring
reappraises stressors

78. By the 1950’s Coronary Heart Disease Became America's Leading Cause of Death.

79. Cardiologists Myers Freidman and Ray Rosenmon
studied cholesterol levels and clotting speed
studied Type a and b personalities.

80. Stress May Also Alter Heart Rhythms.

81. Stress also produces Psychophysiological Illness.
nervous and endocrine systems influencing the immune system, .

82. There are two professional areas which deal with stress and disease:
Behavioral medicine, a medical field.
Health psychology

83. To promote health we must:
Perform aerobic exercise
Learn about biofeedback
Develop relaxation exercises
Develop strong social supports