1. Neo-Freudians (Neo-Analytic)
Projective tests

2. The Neo-Freudians (Psychodynamic)
Break from the Freudian theory of sexual desires and repressed aggression.

3. The Neo-Freudians
Jung was the bridge between Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic. He referred to it as “Analytic Psychology” Jung was Freud’s protégé and meant to continue Freud’s work. Eventually drifted from Freud – Parted ways in 1913
OBJECTIVE 44-7| Contrast the views of the neo-Freudians and psychodynamic theorists with those of Freud’s original theory.
Carl Jung ( )

4. “Analytic Psychology”
Jung believed that motivations and goals of individuals are more important than sexual urges.
Jung also believed that our personality is goal- and future- oriented as opposed to being fixed by childhood
Jung believed in the collective unconscious which contained a common reservoir of images derived from our species’ past.
That is why many cultures share certain myths and images such as the mother as a symbol of nurture (archetypes).
Situational, Character, and Symbolic Archetypes
Archetypes – image, story pattern, or character which recurs frequently and evokes strong associations in the reader.
Persona/Shadow, Animus/Anima, Magician, Child-god, Mother, Hero/Demon

5. Jungian Archetypes
Found in behavior, images, art, myths, religions, or dreams. Universal, archaic patterns and images that derive from the collective unconscious.
Inherited potentials which are actualized when they enter consciousness as images or manifest in behavior on interaction with the outside world.

6. “Analytic Psychology”
Persona vs Shadow (The battle within)
Two opposing archetypes
Idealized outward appearance (Persona) versus dark, unacceptable motives and desires (Shadow)
Results in socially unacceptable thoughts and actions, similar to Id vs. Superego battles
Hero vs Demon (the outside battle)
Hero is strong, good force that battles the enemy
Demon represents cruelty and evil

7. “Analytic Psychology”
Jung’s definition of Self:
Conscious  What we are currently aware of, ego (class, who you are sitting next to)
Unconscious  Where battles between opposing archetypes take place (memories, understanding of future, and repressed battles; struggle between Persona and Shadow for identity)
Collective Unconscious  Where archetypes are (Understanding and awareness of Persona and Shadow by all human beings)

8. The Neo-Freudians
Like Freud, Adler believed in childhood tensions, however these tensions were social in nature and not sexual. A child struggles with the inferiority complex during growth and strives for superiority and power. Also studied birth-order and sibling rivalry.
Alfred Adler ( )
Motivated by inferiority
Inferiority Complex
Sibling Rivalry
Self awareness – creative self strives to overcome obstacles

9. The Neo-Freudians
Like Adler, Horney believed in the social and cultural aspects of childhood growth and development. Mother-child relationship was paramount. She countered Freud’s assumption that women have weak superegos and suffer “penis envy” with the idea that men have “womb envy”. Studied the psychology of women.
Social relationships are greatest influence on personality
Parent-child – paramount
Basic anxiety
Anger
Introduces psychology of women and womb envy
Challenge to Freud’s theories
Genuine and consistent love – temper the effects of a painful childhood
The Bettmann Archive/ Corbis
Karen Horney ( )

10. Assessing Unconscious Processes
Evaluating personality from an unconscious mind perspective would require a psychological instrument (projective tests) that would reveal the hidden unconscious mind.
OBJECTIVE 44-8| Describe two projective tests used to assess personality, and discuss some criticisms of them.

11. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Developed by Henry Murray, TAT is a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.
Lew Merrim/ Photo Researcher, Inc.

14. Rorschach Inkblot Test
The most widely used projective test with a set of 10 inkblots was designed by Hermann Rorschach. It seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.
Lew Merrim/ Photo Researcher, Inc.

15. ossible Sexual Imagery: Breasts, primarily the rounded areas at the top of the image.
Good/Common Answers: "Bat, butterfly, female figure (in the centre), moth"
You may be a little paranoid if you see: "Mask, animal face, jack o lantern"
Bad Answer: "Anything insulting about the female figure (it is an indicator of your own body image)"
The first blot is easy. How fast you answer is taken as an indication of how well you cope with new situations. The best reaction is to give one of the most common responses immediately.
A bad response is any that says something untoward about the central female figure. "She" is often judged to be a projection of your own self-image. Avoid the obvious comment that the figure has two breasts but no head.
If you don't give more than one answer for Plate I, many psychologists will drop a hint -- tell you to look closer.

16. Possible Sexual Imagery: Male sex organ at top center or, in some cases, a vagina (at the center near the bottom).
You should see this image as: "Two human-like forms (females or clowns) If you don't it is an indicator that you have trouble relating to people."
Other Good/Common Answers: "Butterfly, cave entrance"
It is important to see this blot as two human figures usually females or clowns.
If you don't, it's seen as a sign that you have trouble relating to people. You may give other responses as well, such as cave entrance (the triangular white space between the two figures) and butterfly (the red "vagina," bottom center).
Should you mention the penis and vagina? Not necessarily. You may not say that the lower red area looks like a vagina, but psychologists assume that what you do say will show how you feel about women. Nix on "crab"; stick with "butterfly."

17. Possible Sexual Imagery: Male sex organs and female breasts, right about where you would expect to find them.
This is the blot that allegedly can determine sexual preference.
A heterosexual response would be: "Seeing two male figures"
A homosexual response would be: "Seeing two androgynous (remember "Pat" from SNL?) or female figures."
Most people see the two human figures. Both figures have prominent "breasts" and an equally prominent "penis." If you don't volunteer the gender of the figures, you'll be asked to specify it.
This blot has been the subject of much debate, so it's best to take your answer's meaning with a grain of salt. Does it work? Not really
The splotches of red ink are usually perceived separately. Common responses are "bow-tie" or "ribbon" (inner red area) and a stomach and esophagus (outer red areas).

18. Plate IV is the "father card
Plate IV is the "father card." At first glance it is a difficult blot to see as a single image. The two lower corners are often described as shoes or boots. This card may also be seen as viewing a person from below or a male figure with an enormous sex organ.
The "boots" are fairly conspicuous; between them is the apparent head of a dog or Chinese dragon. Many subjects see the blot as an animal skin. After a few seconds, though, most can see it as a standing figure seen from below.
The boots become the feet, enlarged because of the unusual perspective. The arms and head, at the top, are smaller. Common descriptions are bear, gorilla, or man in a heavy coat. Rorschach theorists equate your description of the figure with your perception of your father or male authority figures.
Possible Sexual Imagery: A pair of male sex organs, typically seen at the top of the image. Some subjects may instead visualize a vagina in the upper center of the blot.
Good/Common Answers: "A standing figure (man, bear, gorilla)"
A Bad Answer Would Be: "To describe the figure as menacing in any way, i.e. a monster, or attacking gorilla, as this blot indentifies with your perception of your father, or authority figures."

19. Possible Sexual Imagery: A pair of male sex organs at the very top of the inkblot.
Good/Common "Answers: Bat, Butterfly"
Bad Answers: "Seeing the butterfly antennae as scissors or any cutting device is an indicator of a castration complex. Schizophrenics occasionally see moving people in this image. Seeing crocodile heads on the ends of the bat's wings indicates hostility."
Rorschach himself thought this was the easiest blot to interpret. It is a bat or a butterfly, period. You don't want to mention anything else.
Many psychologists take particular note of the number of responses given to this plate. If you mention more images here than in either Plate IV or VI, it is suggestive of schizophrenia.

20. Possible Sexual Imagery: The head of the male sex organ (the portion at the top of the card) or alternately, a female sex organ (middle and bottom part of the card).
Common Answers: "animal hide, boat, submarine, mushroom cloud, men with long noses and goatees. Apparently this blot reveals subconscious attitudes about sexuality."
Occasionally described as a foreshortened view of a person with their arms outstretched.
Basically, the secret of this plate is to turn it. A good response is to say it looks like an animal hide (about the only reasonable response when held right side up), then turn it on its side and say it looks like a boat or surfaced submarine with reflection, and then turn it upside down and say it looks like a mushroom cloud, a pair of theater masks, or caricatures of men with long noses and goatees.

21. Possible Sexual Imagery: The female sex organs (seen at the bottom of the card where the figures join.
Good/Common Answers: "Two Girls, or Women"
Bad Answers: "Insulting descriptions of the two figures i.e. gossips, girls fighting, witches.
This card has a rough "V" shape sometimes described as faces pointing towards one another, "bunny ears", or similar visualizations.
This blot is supposed to reveal how you really feel about your mother. Virtually everyone sees two girls or women. Deprecating descriptions of the figures~ "witches," "gossips," "girls fighting," "spinsters" indicate poor maternal relations. Seeing the blot as thunderclouds instead of female figures suggests anxiety to some psychologists; seeing it as a walnut kernel may mean a vulvar fixation.
There is an entirely different side to this blot, but you're not supposed to see it. The white space between the girls or women can be interpreted as an oil lamp or similar object. It is claimed that only schizophrenics usually see the lamp.

22. A very colorful card with blue, orange, pink, and gray ink
A very colorful card with blue, orange, pink, and gray ink. A roughly diamond-shaped image with lots of places to see things
Possible Sexual Imagery: Female sex organs, usually seen at the bottom of the card.
Good/Common Answers: "Four legged animals such as lions, pigs, bears, etc. on the sides. Other common responses are tree, butterfly, rib cage, christmas tree."
Bad/Answers: "Not seeing the four legged animals can indicate that you are mentally defective"
It is important that you see the four-legged animals- lions, pigs, bears, etc. -on the sides of the blot. They're one of the most common responses on the test, and you're assumed to be a mental defective if you don't see them. Other good responses are tree (gray triangle at top), butterfly (pink and orange area at bottom), and rib cage or anatomy chart (skeletal pattern in center between blue rectangles and gray triangles). The entire configuration can be seen as a heraldic design (good answer) or a Christmas tree with ornaments (reaching).
Children tend to like this blot and say a lot about it-the bright colors and animal shapes make it more interesting than your basic penis/vagina number (II, IV, or VI).

23. Another colorful card, this time with orange, pink, and green inks
Another colorful card, this time with orange, pink, and green inks. This one is tough to visualize anything specific in; most test subjects struggle to find something to "see" in it.
Possible Sexual Imagery: Female sex organs, usually seen at the bottom of the card.
Good/Common Answers: "Fire, smoke, explosion, map, anatomy, flower."
Bad Answers: "Mushroom cloud on the centre line at top can indicate paranoia. Monsters or men fighting can indicate poor social development."
If you're going to throw up your hands (figuratively!!!) and plead a mental block, this is the place to do it. The colors clash, apparently by Rorschach's design.
If you turn the card ninety degrees, you can make out a man's head in the pink areas at bottom. (The man is identified as Mark Twain, Santa Claus, or Teddy Roosevelt.)
As with Plate V, the psychologist may be counting the number of responses you give to this blot for comparison with the preceding and succeeding blots. You want to give fewer responses to this blot.

24. This is the last Rorschach card and certainly the most colorful, consisting of blue, gray, pink, green, orange and yellow inks. It's a very complex mish-mash of shapes with lots of "activity" and plenty of places to "see" things.
Possible Sexual Imagery: Male sex organs at the top center of the card.
Good/Common Answers: "Sea life, or a view through a microscope. Also common: spiders, crabs, caterpillars, rabbit's head"
Bad Answers: "Two faces at top centre blowing bubbles, or smoking pipes can indicate an oral fixation"
The unspoken purpose of this last blot is to test your organizational ability. Plate X is full of colorful odds and ends easy to identify---blue spiders, gray crabs, paired orange maple seeds, green caterpillars, a light-green rabbit's head, yellow and orange fried eggs--and you're expected to list them.
But the psychologist will also be looking for a comprehensive answer, something that shows you grok the whole Gestalt. There are two good holistic answers: sea life and a view through a microscope.
Some subjects see two reddish faces at top center, separated by the orange maple key. If you describe them as blowing bubbles or smoking pipes, it may be interpreted as evidence of an oral fixation. Seeing the gray "testes" and "penis" as two animals eating a stick or tree indicates castration anxiety.

25. Projective Tests: Criticisms
Critics argue that projective test lack both reliability (consistency of results) and validity (testing/predicting what it is supposed to).
Even trained raters evaluating the same patient come up with different interpretations (reliability).
2. And projective tests may misdiagnose a normal individual as pathological (validity).

26. Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective
Modern Research
Personality develops throughout life and is not fixed in childhood.
Freud underemphasize peer influence on the individual which may be as powerful as parental influence.
Gender identity may develop before 5-6 years of age.
OBJECTIVE 44-9| Summarize psychology’s current assessment of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis.

27. Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective
Modern Research
There may be other reasons for dreams to arise than wish fulfillment.
Verbal slips can be explained on basis of cognitive processing of verbal choices.
Suppressed sexuality leads to psychological disorders. Sexual inhibition has decreased, but psychological disorders have not.

28. The Modern Unconscious Mind
We have limited access to all that goes on in our mind. We have examined many examples:
Two-track mind, Implicit memories, Schemas, Emotions, …
Defense Mechanisms
False Consensus Effect – modern take on defense mechanisms
Terror-management Theory – a theory of death related anxiety