1. Clauses and phrases

2. Parts of Speech
noun: person, place, or thing verb: action word adjective: a word that modifies a noun (pretty, fast) adverb: a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb (kindly, slowly, quickly, thoughtfully) preposition: a word that relates a noun that follows it to another word in the sentence (e.g. on, off, in, above, below, behind, near, into, through, inside, outside, beyond)  conjunction: a word that connects two words or parts of a sentence (e.g. and, or, but, if, after)

3. Make up a sentence that uses a:
noun: person, place, or thing verb: action word adjective: a word that modifies a noun (pretty, fast) adverb: a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb (kindly, slowly, quickly, thoughtfully) preposition: a word that relates a noun that follows it to another word in the sentence (e.g. on, off, in, above, below, behind, near, into, through, inside, outside, beyond)  conjunction: a word that connects two words or parts of a sentence (e.g. and, or, but, if, after)
The dog quietly hid behind the big dresser, but was in front of the bed

4. subject: word or combination of words (including the noun) that is doing the action ex. I took the ball. object: word or combination of words (including the noun) to which the action is being done ex. I took the ball away from her.
I stole the cake from the birthday girl

5. predicate: word or combination of words (including the verb) that make up the action in a sentence
participle: a form of verb that modifies a noun to serve the function of an adjective

6. Predicates - word or combination of words (including the verb) that make up the action in a sentence
In each example, the predicate of the sentence is in red and the verb in the predicate is in bold. Elvis lives. Adam lives in Bangor. The telegram contained exciting news. The girls in our office are experienced instructors. They are experienced instructors, who acquired their experience in France

7. Predicates in Clauses
A clause contains a subject and predicate too. The examples below are all clauses, not sentences. The predicate is shaded and the verb of the clause is in bold.
who lives with her mother
What’s the subject?
which was somewhat unexpected
that points to the North Pole

8. Clauses and Phrases
A clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb. A clause can be distinguished from a phrase, which does not contain a subject and a verb (e.g., in the afternoon, drinking from the bowl). An independent clause can express a complete thought (and can be a stand alone sentence). A dependent clause is usually a supporting part of a sentence, and it cannot stand by itself as a meaningful proposition (idea).

9. Independent clauses
Here are some examples of independent clauses (red):
Tara ate a cheese roll after she watched the news.
(Tara ate a cheese roll is an independent clause. It works as a standalone sentence.)
Even though his mother was a driving instructor, my cousin failed his driving test six times.
A computer once beat me at chess but was no match for me at kick boxing.

10. Dependent clauses
Here are the same examples with the dependent clauses (red)
Tara ate a cheese roll after she watched the news.
(The clause after she watched the news is a dependent clause. It does not work as a standalone sentence.)
Even though his mother was a driving instructor, my cousin failed his driving test six times.
A computer once beat me at chess but was no match for me at kick boxing.

11. participle: a form of verb that modifies a noun to serve the function of an adjective
The man carrying the bricks is my father.
(The participle phrase carrying the bricks describes the man.)
She showed us a plate of scones crammed with cream.
(The participle phrase crammed with cream describes the scones.)
Whistling the same tune as always, Ted touched the front of his cap with his forefinger as she dismounted.
(The participle phrase Whistling the same tune as always describes Ted.)
Stunned by the blow, Mike quickly gathered his senses and searched frantically for the pepper spray.
(The participle phrase Stunned by the blow describes Mike.)

12. Write your own paragraph that includes at least:
- 2 independent clauses
- 1 clause with a predicate
- 1 clause with a participle
Then switch with a partner and:
- Put quotation marks around the independent clauses
- Underline once the clause with a predicate
- Underline twice the clause with a participle

13. Participial, Prepositional, and Absolute Phrases
participle: a form of verb that modifies a noun to serve the function of an adjective
Participle Phrase: The man carrying the bricks is my father.
(The participle phrase carrying the bricks describes the man.)

14. Prepositional phrase
preposition: a word that relates a noun that follows it to another word in the sentence (e.g. on, off, in, above, below, behind, near, into, through, inside, outside, beyond) 
prepositional phrases, which begin with a preposition
Example: I hiked through the Grand Canyon.

15. Absolute phrase
absolute phrases, which combine a noun and a participle with accompanying modifiers
Example: Heart trembling, I stepped onto the stage.

16. Using phrases and clauses to add interest
Video

17. Sentence structure and length vary
My skates were hanging by the back door all nice and shiny, for I'd just gotten them for Christmas and they smelled so queer. My dog walked with me as far as the corner. She panted along beside me and her hot breath made a frosty little balloon on the end of her nose. The night was breathlessly quiet and the stars winked down like a million flirting eyes. It was all so lovely.
Sentence structure and length vary
Phrases and clauses create a sense of rhythm and tone
They also add details
“My skates were hanging” – independent clause, followed by the prepositional phrase "by the back door all nice and shiny.
provides an image of what the skates looked liked
dependent clause "for I'd just gotten them for Christmas" provides information about where the skates came from
the independent clause "they smelled so queer" provides additional imagery.
The final short, simple sentence "It was all so lovely" is like a period at the end of the sentence.

18. “I had to cut across someone's back garden to get to the rink, and I was out of breath when I got to the shanty—out of breath with running and with the loveliness of the night. Shanties are always such friendly places. There was a delicious smell from the iron stove. Girls burst through the door laughing with snow on their hair. A boy grabbed the hat from a blonde and stuffed it into an empty shoe.”
Find and write down:
a participial phrase
an adverbial clause
a sentence with two independent clauses connected by a conjunction
a sentence with a dependent clause connected by a conjunction

19. “I had to cut across someone's back garden to get to the rink, and I was out of breath when I got to the shanty—out of breath with running and with the loveliness of the night. Shanties are always such friendly places. There was a delicious smell from the iron stove. Girls burst through the door laughing with snow on their hair. A boy grabbed the hat from a blonde and stuffed it into an empty shoe.”
Independent clauses

20. “I had to cut across someone's back garden to get to the rink, and I was out of breath when I got to the shanty—out of breath with running and with the loveliness of the night. Shanties are always such friendly places. There was a delicious smell from the iron stove. Girls burst through the door laughing with snow on their hair. A boy grabbed the hat from a blonde and stuffed it into an empty shoe.”
Independent phrase (blue)
Participal phrase (red)

21. “I had to cut across someone's back garden to get to the rink, and I was out of breath when I got to the shanty—out of breath with running and with the loveliness of the night. Shanties are always such friendly places. There was a delicious smell from the iron stove. Girls burst through the door laughing with snow on their hair. A boy grabbed the hat from a blonde and stuffed it into an empty shoe.”
Independent phrase (blue)
Participal phrase (red)
Adverbial phrase (green)