1. Space & Territoriality
Chapter seven

2. Categories of Territory
Primary territory: territory considered to be the exclusive domain of its owner, dorm room, Dad’s chair, kids playroom
Secondary territory: not central to the daily functioning of the owner. It is not under the owner’s exclusive control. Generally associated with a particular person or group frequently seen in and around it. The bar they always frequent on HIMYM, the café on Friends, the restaurant on Seinfeld
Public territory: Open to anyone and is seldom under the constant control of any one person or group. Subject to temporary ownership and is often protected with as much vigor as personal property. The lane you’re using when you’re bowling

3. More Categories of Territory
Home territory: When a group of people “colonizes” a public territory by taking it over and using it continuously. Regular patrons of a neighborhood bar, gangs operating on a particular street, children who claim a huge elm tree for club meetings
Interactional territory: develops wherever people congregate for social exchange. No visible boundary but these conversational zones exist nonetheless. 2 people having a conversation will walk around them rather than walk through
Body territory: Also known as personal space, unlike the other types of territory, it is protable. We carry it with us everywhere we go.

4. Territorial Defense
Markers: usually personal artifacts like backpacks, purses, umbrellas, overcoats, books, hats, and briefcases used to mark ownership of space
Must be perceived as a marker and not litter
Labels: include signs saying Keep Out, Go Away, Attack Dogs on Premises, or Reserved, or even names placed on an office doors, pens, computers, computer disks, and so on.
Offensive Displays: include individuals’ use prevention as a form of territorial defense is through a combination of assertive postures, stances, stares, and gestures
Tenure: indicates that people that have become associated with a particular territory over a long period can effectively lay claim on that territory
Easement

5. Types of Negative Encroachment
Violation: the unwarranted use of someone’s territory. Unlike invasion, violation usually temporary in nature
Daughter may sit in Dad’s chair, but concede once he returns
Invasion: a drastic and permanent encroachment in which the invader actually crosses the territorial boundaries of another with the intention of taking over and keeping the territory
Contamination: “This means going into someone’s territory and stinking up the place.” or leaving something of yours in its place.
Blocking: Another person occupying the territory you need in order to move from one place to another. “Road rage”

6. Encroachment Reactions
Withdrawal: we compensate by moving away from the encroacher and letting her or him take over. We flee without a fight. One study conducted in a library showed that when invaders encroached on the tables of student who were studying, every student moved to another location rather than actively defend the territory (Greenberg & Firestone, 1977)
Insulation: Sophisticated fighting. When we perceive others encroaching on our territory, we may build formidable boundaries to stop them. Personal markers work best
Turf defense: This is the most active form of defense available. In addition to the physical space itself, Goffman (1971) has indicated that there are secondary issues involved with our turf. Certain olfactory elements may also be considered an invasion of one’s territory
Linguistic collusion: involves a complex set of processes by which the territorial integrity of the group is reaffirmed and the intruder is labeled as an outsider (Lyman & Scott, 1967) Many times the intruder will simply leave the space because the linguistic collusion is too much to deal with

7. Cultural Differences
Differences in how other cultures use space is a major reason we often experience culture shock when traveling abroad
Different cultures experience in communicating can be attributed to differences in personal space norms (Hall, 1973)
North Americans are a noncontact culture
Perceived as cold or distant by other cultures while we see them as “constantly breathing down our necks”
Latin America, southern Europe, and Arab countries are contact cultures

8. Age Differences Younger children are “space invaders”
As kids get older they adjust to the norms of space
Children converse more closely, and adults converse at a greater distance

9. Personality Differences
People that suffer from general anxiety predispositions have also been reported to require greater distances while interacting

10. Crowding Density Density refers to the number of people in a space
Should not be confused with crowding
Crowding is a person’s perception of spatial restrictions
Living and working in high-density conditions people learn to cope with constant invasion and spatial restrictions

11. Density May or May Not Lead to Crowding
3 Factors
Surveillance: when we perceive that surveillance is high, we may seek to escape that condition
Behavioral constraint: the more constrained one’s activity becomes the more likely we are to experience crowding
Stimulus overload: plethora of noises, sounds, sights and other stimuli that bombard the sense simultaneously