1. Intercellular Networks Underlying Developmental Decisions
Moses V. Chao 
Neuron 
Volume 91, Issue 5, Pages (September 2016)
DOI: /j.neuron
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2. Figure 1 Major Ligand Signaling Modules
(A) Major signaling pathways include the growth factor families of receptor tyrosine kinases, which utilize Ras (RTK-Ras), Notch, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), TGF-β, and the cytokine receptor family, which utilizes JAK/STAT signaling molecules. Each family has multiple ligands and receptors. Adapted from Hurlbut et al. (2009).
(B) GDNF and Neurturin are associated with two receptor subunits, GDNF receptor-α (GFRα) and the RET receptor tyrosine kinase. GDNF family ligands include Neurturin, artemin, and persephin, which bind separately to different GFRαs. This interaction is required to activate the RET receptor tyrosine kinase (Airaksinen and Saarma, 2002). The IFNγ receptor consists of a heterodimer of two transmembrane proteins, IFNγR1 and IFNγR2, which are associated with Janus family kinases (JAK1 and JAK2). Activation of the JAKs leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of the receptor and Stat1 and also includes other signaling transduction pathways, including ERK and JNK (Nallar and Kalvakolanu, 2014).
Neuron  , DOI: ( /j.neuron )
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