1. Sutural Bones
Tiny irregularly shaped bones that appear within sutures

2. Sagittal suture Parietal bone Sutural bone Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
Superior nuchal line
External
occipital
protuberance
Mastoid
process
Inferior
nuchal
line
Occipitomastoid
suture
External
occipital
crest
Occipital
condyle
(b) Posterior view
Figure 7.4b

3. Facial Bones Mandible Maxillary bones (maxillae) (2)
Zygomatic bones (2)
Nasal bones (2)
Lacrimal bones (2)
Palatine bones (2)
Vomer
Inferior nasal conchae (2)

4. Mandible
Lower jaw
Largest, strongest bone of face
Temporomandibular joint: only freely movable joint in skull

5. (a) Mandible, right lateral view
Mandibular fossa
of temporal bone
Temporomandibular
joint
Mandibular notch
Coronoid
process
Mandibular
condyle
Mandibular foramen
Alveolar
margin
Ramus of
mandible
Mental
foramen
Mandibular
angle
Body of mandible
(a) Mandible, right lateral view
Figure 7.11a

6. Maxillary Bones
Medially fused to form upper jaw and central portion of facial skeleton
Keystone bones
Articulate with all other facial bones except mandible

7. (b) Maxilla, right lateral view
Articulates with
frontal bone
Frontal process
Orbital
surface
Infraorbital
foramen
Zygomatic
process
(cut)
Anterior nasal
spine
Alveolar
margin
(b) Maxilla, right lateral view
Figure 7.11b

8. Frontal bone Glabella Parietal bone Frontonasal suture
Supraorbital foramen
(notch)
Squamous part
of frontal bone
Supraorbital margin
Nasal bone
Superior orbital
fissure
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Optic canal
Temporal bone
Inferior orbital
fissure
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Middle nasal
concha
Zygomatic bone
Ethmoid
bone
Infraorbital foramen
Perpendicular
plate
Maxilla
Inferior nasal concha
Mandible
Vomer
Mental
foramen
(a) Anterior view
Mandibular symphysis
Figure 7.4a

9. Intermaxillary suture Hard palate Palatine bone (horizontal plate)
(palatine process)
Incisive fossa
Intermaxillary suture
Hard
palate
Palatine bone
(horizontal plate)
Median palatine suture
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Zygomatic bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Temporal bone
(zygomatic process)
Foramen ovale
Vomer
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Mandibular
fossa
Carotid canal
External acoustic meatus
Styloid process
Stylomastoid
foramen
Mastoid process
Temporal bone
(petrous part)
Jugular foramen
Occipital condyle
Pharyngeal tubercle
of basilar region of
the occipital bone
Inferior nuchal line
Parietal bone
Superior nuchal line
External occipital crest
External occipital
protuberance
Foramen magnum
(a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
Figure 7.6a

10. Zygomatic Bones
Cheekbones
Inferolateral margins of orbits

11. Frontal bone Glabella Parietal bone Frontonasal suture
Supraorbital foramen
(notch)
Squamous part
of frontal bone
Supraorbital margin
Nasal bone
Superior orbital
fissure
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Optic canal
Temporal bone
Inferior orbital
fissure
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Middle nasal
concha
Zygomatic bone
Ethmoid
bone
Infraorbital foramen
Perpendicular
plate
Maxilla
Inferior nasal concha
Mandible
Vomer
Mental
foramen
(a) Anterior view
Mandibular symphysis
Figure 7.4a

12. Nasal Bones and Lacrimal Bones
Form bridge of nose
Lacrimal bones
In medial walls of orbits
Lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac

13. (a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Parietal bone
Ethmoid bone
Temporal bone
Lacrimal bone
Lambdoid
suture
Lacrimal fossa
Squamous
suture
Nasal bone
Occipital
bone
Zygomatic
bone
Zygomatic
process
Maxilla
Occipitomastoid
suture
External acoustic
meatus
Mastoid process
Alveolar
margins
Styloid process
Mandibular condyle
Mandible
Mandibular notch
Mental foramen
Mandibular ramus
Mandibular angle
Coronoid process
(a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull
Figure 7.5a

14. Palatine Bones and Vomer
Posterior one-third of hard palate
Posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity
Small part of the orbits
Vomer
Plow shaped
Lower part of nasal septum

15. Intermaxillary suture Hard palate Palatine bone (horizontal plate)
(palatine process)
Incisive fossa
Intermaxillary suture
Hard
palate
Palatine bone
(horizontal plate)
Median palatine suture
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Zygomatic bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Temporal bone
(zygomatic process)
Foramen ovale
Vomer
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Mandibular
fossa
Carotid canal
External acoustic meatus
Styloid process
Stylomastoid
foramen
Mastoid process
Temporal bone
(petrous part)
Jugular foramen
Occipital condyle
Pharyngeal tubercle
of basilar region of
the occipital bone
Inferior nuchal line
Parietal bone
Superior nuchal line
External occipital crest
External occipital
protuberance
Foramen magnum
(a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
Figure 7.6a

16. Inferior Nasal Conchae
Form part of lateral walls of nasal cavity

17. (perpendicular plate) Palatine bone (horizontal plate)
Frontal sinus
Superior, middle, and
inferior meatus
Superior
nasal concha
Ethmoid
bone
Middle
nasal concha
Inferior nasal
concha
Nasal bone
Anterior nasal spine
Sphenoid
sinus
Maxillary bone
(palatine process)
Sphenoid
bone
Pterygoid
process
Palatine bone
(perpendicular plate)
Palatine bone
(horizontal plate)
(a) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity
(nasal septum removed)
Figure 7.14a

18. Orbits
Encase eyes and lacrimal glands
Sites of attachment for eye muscles
Formed by parts of seven bones (next slide)

19. • Lesser wing of sphenoid bone
Superior
orbital fissure
Roof of orbit
Supraorbital notch
Optic canal
• Lesser wing of sphenoid bone
• Orbital plate of frontal bone
Medial wall
• Sphenoid body
Lateral wall of orbit
• Orbital plate of ethmoid bone
• Zygomatic process of frontal bone
• Frontal process of maxilla
• Greater wing of sphenoid bone
• Lacrimal bone
• Orbital surface of zygomatic bone
Nasal bone
Floor of orbit
Inferior orbital fissure
Infraorbital groove
• Orbital process of palatine bone
Zygomatic bone
• Orbital surface of maxillary bone
Infraorbital foramen
• Zygomatic bone
(b) Contribution of each of the seven bones forming the right orbit
Figure 7.13a

20. Nasal Cavity
Roof, lateral walls, and floor formed by parts of four bones
Ethmoid
Palatine bones
Maxillary bones
Inferior nasal conchae
Nasal septum of bone and hyaline cartilage
Vomer
Anterior septal cartilage

21. (perpendicular plate) Palatine bone (horizontal plate)
Frontal sinus
Superior, middle, and
inferior meatus
Superior
nasal concha
Ethmoid
bone
Middle
nasal concha
Inferior nasal
concha
Nasal bone
Anterior nasal spine
Sphenoid
sinus
Maxillary bone
(palatine process)
Sphenoid
bone
Pterygoid
process
Palatine bone
(perpendicular plate)
Palatine bone
(horizontal plate)
(a) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity
(nasal septum removed)
Figure 7.14a

22. Crista galli Ethmoid bone Cribriform plate Frontal sinus Sella turcica
Nasal bone
Perpendicular
plate of
ethmoid bone
Sphenoid
sinus
Septal cartilage
Palatine
bone
Vomer
Alveolar margin
of maxilla
Hard
palate
Palatine process
of maxilla
(b) Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions
of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage
Figure 7.14b

23. Paranasal Sinuses
Mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces
Lighten the skull
Enhance resonance of voice
Found in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

24. Frontal sinus Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells (sinus) Ethmoidal
Sphenoid
sinus
Sphenoid
sinus
Maxillary
sinus
Maxillary
sinus
(a) Anterior aspect
(b) Medial aspect
Figure 7.15

25. Hyoid Bone
Not a bone of the skull
Does not articulate directly with another bone
Site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech

26. Greater horn
Lesser horn
Body
Figure 7.12

27. Vertebral Column Transmits weight of trunk to lower limbs
Surrounds and protects spinal cord
Flexible curved structure containing 26 irregular bones (vertebrae)
Cervical vertebrae (7)—vertebrae of the neck
Thoracic vertebrae (12)—vertebrae of the thoracic cage
Lumbar vertebrae (5)—vertebra of the lower back
Sacrum—bone inferior to the lumbar vertebrae
Coccyx—terminus of vertebral column

28. Vertebral Column: Curvatures
Increase the resilience and flexibility of the spine
Two posteriorly concave curvatures
Cervical and lumbar
Two posteriorly convex curvatures
Thoracic and sacral
Abnormal spine curvatures
Scoliosis (abnormal lateral curve)
Kyphosis (hunchback)
Lordosis (swayback)

29. Figure 7.16 C1 Cervical curvature (concave) 7 vertebrae, C1–C7 Spinous
process
Transverse
processes
Thoracic
curvature
(convex)
12 vertebrae,
T1–T12
Intervertebral
discs
Intervertebral
foramen
Lumbar curvature
(concave)
5 vertebrae, L1–L5
Sacral curvature
(convex)
5 fused vertebrae
sacrum
Coccyx
4 fused vertebrae
Anterior view
Right lateral view
Figure 7.16

30. Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
From neck to sacrum
Ligamentum flavum
Connects adjacent vertebrae
Short ligaments
Connect each vertebra to those above and below

31. Cushionlike pad composed of two parts
Intervertebral Discs
Cushionlike pad composed of two parts
Nucleus pulposus
Inner gelatinous nucleus that gives the disc its elasticity and compressibility
Anulus fibrosus
Outer collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage

32. Supraspinous ligament
Intervertebral
disc
Supraspinous ligament
Transverse process
Anterior
longitudinal
ligament
Sectioned
spinous process
Intervertebral foramen
Ligamentum flavum
Posterior longitudinal
ligament
Interspinous
ligament
Anulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
Inferior articular process
Sectioned body
of vertebra
Median section of three vertebrae, illustrating the composition of the discs and the ligaments
Figure 7.17a

33. Vertebral spinous process (posterior aspect of vertebra)
Spinal cord
Spinal nerve root
Transverse
process
Herniated portion
of disc
Anulus fibrosus
of disc
Nucleus
pulposus
of disc
(c) Superior view of a herniated intervertebral disc
Figure 7.17c

34. General Structure of Vertebrae
Body or centrum
Anterior weight-bearing region
Vertebral arch
Composed of pedicles and laminae that, along with centrum, enclose vertebral foramen
Vertebral foramina
Together make up vertebral canal for spinal cord
Intervertebral foramina
Lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae for spinal nerves

35. General Structure of Vertebrae
Seven processes per vertebra:
Spinous process—projects posteriorly
Transverse processes (2)—project laterally
Superior articular processes (2)—protrude superiorly inferiorly
Inferior articular processes (2)—protrude inferiorly
PLAY
Animation: Rotatable Spine (horizontal)
PLAY
Animation: Rotatable Spine (vertical)

36. Posterior Vertebral Lamina arch Spinous Transverse process process
Superior
articular
process
and
facet
Vertebral
foramen
Pedicle
Body
(centrum)
Anterior
Figure 7.18

37. C1 to C7: smallest, lightest vertebrae
Cervical Vertebrae
C1 to C7: smallest, lightest vertebrae
C3 to C7 share the following features
Oval body
Spinous processes are bifid (except C7)
Large, triangular vertebral foramen
Transverse foramen in each transverse process

38. Table 7.2

39. (a) Cervical vertebrae
Dens of axis
Transverse ligament
of atlas
C1 (atlas)
C2 (axis) C3
Inferior articular
process
Bifid spinous
process
Transverse processes
C7 (vertebra
prominens)
(a) Cervical vertebrae
Figure 7.20a

40. C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) have unique features Atlas (C1)
Cervical Vertebrae
C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) have unique features
Atlas (C1)
No body or spinous process
Consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses
Superior surfaces of lateral masses articulate with the occipital condyles

41. (a) Superior view of atlas (C1) (b) Inferior view of atlas (C1)
Posterior
Posterior
Posterior
tubercle
Posterior
tubercle
Posterior arch
Posterior arch
Inferior
articular
facet
Lateral
masses
Transverse
process
Lateral
masses
Transverse
foramen
Superior
articular
facet
Transverse
foramen
Anterior
arch
Anterior
tubercle
Anterior arch
Facet for dens
Anterior tubercle
(a) Superior view of atlas (C1)
(b) Inferior view of atlas (C1)
Figure 7.19a-b

42. Cervical Vertebrae Axis (C2)
Dens projects superiorly into the anterior arch of the atlas
Dens is a pivot for the rotation of the atlas

43. (c) Superior view of axis (C2)
Posterior C2
Spinous process
Lamina
Inferior
articular
process
Pedicle
Superior
articular
facet
Transverse
process
Dens
Body
(c) Superior view of axis (C2)
Figure 7.19c

44. Thoracic Vertebrae
T1 to T12
All articulate with ribs at facets and demifacets
Long spinous process
Location of articular facets allows rotation of this area of spine

45. Table 7.2

46. (b) Thoracic vertebrae
Superior articular
process
Transverse
process
Transverse
costal facet (for
tubercle of rib)
Intervertebral
disc
Body
Inferior costal
facet (for head
of rib)
Spinous
process
Inferior articular
process
(b) Thoracic vertebrae
Figure 7.20b

47. Lumbar Vertebrae
L1 to L5
Short, thick pedicles and laminae
Flat hatchet-shaped spinous processes
Orientation of articular facets locks lumbar vertebrae together so as to prevent rotation

48. Table 7.2

49. Superior articular process Transverse Body process Intervertebral disc
Inferior
articular
process
Spinous
process
(c) Lumbar vertebrae
Figure 7.20c

50. Sacrum and Coccyx Sacrum Coccyx 5 fused vertebrae (S1–S5)
Forms posterior wall of pelvis
Articulates with L5 superiorly, and with auricular surfaces of the hip bones laterally
Coccyx
Tailbone
3–5 fused vertebrae
Articulates superiorly with sacrum