1. Aa
short
Voiced
Position: low, front
long
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2. Bb Place: lips Manner: stop Voiced:throat vibrates
Voiceless minimal pair /p/
Likely spelling errors: m, p
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3. Cc Hard Soft Voiceless: No Vibration Voiced minimal pair: /g/
Likely spelling errors: k, g
Hard
Voiceless: No Vibration
Voiced minimal pair: /z/
Likely spelling errors: s
Soft
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4. Dd Place:ridge/teeth Manner: stop Voiced: throat vibrates
Voiceless minimal pair /t/
Likely spelling errors: t, n
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5. Ee
short
Voiced
Position: mid, front
long
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6. Ff Place:teeth/lips Manner: fricative Voiceless: no vibration
Voiced minimal pair /v/
Likely spelling errors: v
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7. Gg Hard Soft Voiced: throat vibrates Voiceless minimal pair /k/
Place: back of throat Manner: stop
Voiced: throat vibrates
Voiceless minimal pair /k/
Likely spelling errors: k, c
Hard
Voiced: throat vibrates
Voiceless minimal pair /ch/
Likely spelling errors: j
Soft
Place: roof of mouth Manner: affricate
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8. Hh
Place: glottis Manner: glide
Voiceless
No minimal pair
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9. Ii
short
Voiced
Position: high, front
long
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10. Jj Voiced: throat vibrates Voiceless minimal pair /ch/
Place: roof of mouth Manner: affricate
Voiced: throat vibrates
Voiceless minimal pair /ch/
Likely spelling errors: ch
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11. Kk Voiceless: no vibration Voiced minimal pair /g/
Place: back of throat Manner: stop
Voiceless: no vibration
Voiced minimal pair /g/
Likely spelling errors: c, g
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12. Ll Voiced:throat vibrates No minimal pair Likely spelling errors: w, y
Place: ridge/teeth Manner: liquid
Voiced:throat vibrates
No minimal pair
Likely spelling errors: w, y
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13. Mm Place: lips Manner: nasal Voiced:throat vibrates No minimal pair
Likely spelling errors: b, p
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14. Nn Voiced:throat vibrates No minimal pair Likely spelling errors: d
Place: ridge/teeth Manner: nasal
Voiced:throat vibrates
No minimal pair
Likely spelling errors: d
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15. Oo
short
Voiced
Position: low, back
long
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16. Pp Place: lips Manner: stop Voiceless: no vibration
Voiced minimal pair /b/
Likely spelling errors: b, m
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17. qu +
Two phonemes
Likely spelling errors: kw
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18. Rr RRrr Voiced: Throat vibrates No minimal pair
Place: ridge/teeth Manner: liquid
RRrr
Voiced: Throat vibrates
No minimal pair
Likely spelling errors: w, l
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19. Ss Voiceless: no vibration Voiced minimal pair /z/
Place: ridge/teeth Manner: fricative
Voiceless: no vibration
Voiced minimal pair /z/
Likely spelling errors: z, th
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20. Tt Voiceless: no vibration Voiced minimal pair /d/
Place: ridge/teeth Manner: stop
Voiceless: no vibration
Voiced minimal pair /d/
Likely spelling errors: d
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21. Uu
short
Voiced
Position: mid, central
long
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22. Vv Voiced:throat vibrates Voiceless minimal pair /f/
Place: teeth/lips Manner: fricative
Voiced:throat vibrates
Voiceless minimal pair /f/
Likely spelling errors: f, th
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23. Ww Voiced:throat vibrates No minimal pair Likely spelling errors:
Place: back of throat Manner: glide
Voiced:throat vibrates
No minimal pair
Likely spelling errors:
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24. Xx +
Two phonemes
Likely spelling errors: ks
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25. Yy Voiced Likely spelling errors: l Place: roof of mouth Manner: glide
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26. Zz Voiced:throat vibrates Voiceless minimal pair /s/
Place: ridge/teeth Manner: fricative
Voiced:throat vibrates
Voiceless minimal pair /s/
Likely spelling errors: th
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27. ch Voiceless: no vibration Voiced minimal pair /j/
Place:roof of mouth Manner: afficate
Voiceless: no vibration
Voiced minimal pair /j/
Likely spelling errors: j, sh
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28. sh Voiceless: no vibration Voiced minimal pair: /zh/ as in measure
Place: roof of mouth Manner: fricative
Voiceless: no vibration
Voiced minimal pair: /zh/
as in measure
Likely spelling errors:
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29. th noisy quiet Place: tongue/teeth Manner: fricative
Voiced: Throat vibratres
Voiced minimal pair /th/
Likely spelling errors: v
Voiceless: no vibration
Voiced minimal pair /th/
Likely spelling errors: f
quiet
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30. Wh Voiceless Minimal pair: /w/ Likely spelling errors: w
Place: back of throat Manner: glide
Voiceless
Minimal pair: /w/
Likely spelling errors: w
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31. ng k ing Voiced: throat vibrates No minimal pair
Place: back of throat Manner: nasal k
ing
Voiced: throat vibrates
No minimal pair
Likely spelling errors: n, g
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32. tr + Two phonemes Minimal pair /dr/ Likely spelling errors: ch
due to co-articulation
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33. dr + Two phonemes Minimal pair /tr/ Likely spelling errors: j
due to co-articulation
KS09