1. HUMAN EVOLUTION Courtesy http://www.lab-initio.com/

2. Survey – Beliefs in Human Evolution

3. Skeletal Comparisons

4. PosturePongidHominid Bent over or quadrapedal; Knuckle walking common Upright or bipedal

5. Leg and Arm PongidHominid Arms longer than legs, adapted for swinging by arm usually among trees Legs usually longer than arms; adapted for striding

6. FeetPongidHominid Low arches; opposable big toes capable of grasping High arches; big toes in line with others; adapted for walking

7. TeethPongidHominid Prominent; large gaps between canines and nearby teeth Reduced; reduced or absent gaps

8. SkullPongidHominid Bent forward from spinal column; very rugged; prominent brow ridges Upright on spinal column; smooth brow ridges

9. FacePongidHominid Jaws jut out; very heavy; very wide nasal opening; sloping Vertical profile; More distinct chin; Prominent nasal spine

10. Brain Size PongidHominid 280 705 cm 3 (current)400 2000 cm 3 (fossil to present)

11. Proposed Hominid Evolution

12. Comparison of Hominid Brain Size

13. This genetic distance map made in 2002 is an estimate of 18 world human groups by a neighbor-joining method based on 23 kinds of genetic information.

14. Out of Africa