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Timo Nevalainen University of Eastern Finland
Primates in Research Timo Nevalainen University of Eastern Finland
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MONKEY AROUND ??
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Definition of Primates
Large group of about 200 species Definition necessitates the use of complicated technical terms, such as: Opposite grip in either hands of feet or both Testes in scrotum Two mammary glands Closed orbital circle
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Taxonomy
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Prosimii Primitive primates Look like squirrel or fox
Questionable whether primates at all Look like squirrel or fox Many are considered endangered
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Prosimii Tree shrew (Tupaia glis) Native of Far East
Size and looks like a rat Daylight animal Gestation days Two pups born Difficult to house in laboratory
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Other Prosimii Species
Galago senegalensis (Bushbaby) Looks of a squirrel Occasional research use Loris tardigratus Nocturnal - huge eyes
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New World Monkeys (Ceboidea)
Wide and low nose 36 teeth Some have prehensile tail
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New World Monkeys (Ceboidea)
Squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) Considered pest animal in South America Most common NWM in research About 800 g
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New World Monkeys (Ceboidea)
Owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) Weighs less than a kilo Nocturnal - large eyes Requires high temp and humidity
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New World Monkeys (Ceboidea)
Common marmoset (Callitrix jacchus) About half a kilo Only species among primates proper with twins First primate commonly raised in laboratory
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New World Monkeys (Ceboidea)
Spider monkey (Ateles) Larger than previous sp. (7-15 kg) Prehensile tail Bumpy abdomen, spidery hands and feet
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Old World Monkeys Cercopithecoidea
Narrow nose 32 teeth Often cheek pouches If there´s a tail, it´s never prehensile
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Old World Monkeys Cercopithecoidea
Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvana) Only monkey species native to Europe Presence of the British Commonwealth and the species on the rocks of Gibraltar
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Old World Monkeys Cercopithecoidea
Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) Standard monkey of the Pharmacopeias Monkey crisis Most widely used OWM Discovery of the rhesus-factor
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Old World Monkeys Cercopithecoidea
Stumptail (Macaca arctoides or speciosa) Calm and friendly Weight 5-15 kg Difficult to get
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Old World Monkeys Cercopithecoidea
Irus macaque (Macaca irus) Substitute for Rhesus and stumptail Rough character Same size as previous two
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Old World Monkeys Cercopithecoidea
African green (Cercopithecus ethiops) Smaller than macaques Kidney donor Marburg disease
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Old World Monkeys Cercopithecoidea
Baboons (Papio sp.) Rarely used in research Remember Christian Barnard ? Large and strong; handling difficult
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Apes (Hominoidea) Orangutang
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Apes (Hominoidea) Gibbon Gorilla Chimpanzee
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Apes (Hominoidea) Did we forget one of the hominoids ?
An important species ? Humans Look around
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Primate Diseases Tuberculosis Draining lymph nodes Tuberculin testing
Tissue changes Method of tb testing in monkeys
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Primate Diseases Herpes B Human herpes Nodules on lips or mouth
Fatal for humans Human herpes The other way around to Herpes B
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Primate Diseases Herpes T Fatal in owl monkey
Mucosal changes in tamarins
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Primate Diseases Pox virus diseases for most species Monkey pox
Small box Ecromelia in mice Vaccination with vaccinia-virus
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Primate Biology and Housing
Sex skin Follows the estrus/menstrual cycle Gestation Species dependent days (tamarins) 270 days (orang) Number of offsprings Single, except marmosets
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Primate Biology and Care
Primates require external source of vitamin C. New World Monkeys cannot utilize vitamin D2
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Primate Biology and Care
Cages Special design with squeeze-back Gang cages Prone for fighting & beating each other Enrichment Handling Protective measures and handling techniques
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Research Techniques Gastric tubing IM-injection IV-injection
Via nose IM-injection Much like humans Squeeze-back used to immobilize them IV-injection Superficial veins on antebrachium Blood samples Femoral triangle CDt
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Research Use Research community waits for vaccine or therapeutic drug for AIDS Need for monkeys ? New Directive Are F2 animals required?
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Working Safely with Nonhuman Primates
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Pop Quiz Which animals, other than primates, require external source of vitamin C ? Which group of primates has prehensile tail ?
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