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Ecosystems and Communities
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Role of Climate Weather: day-to-day condition of Earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place. Climate: the average year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region.
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Earth’s Temperature Co2, methane, water vapor, and other gases trap heat energy and maintain Earth’s temperature. Greenhouse effect: the natural situation in which heat is retained by the layer of greenhouse gases.
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Climate Zones Different because of latitude and angle of heating.
Polar zones: cold areas; sun’s rays strike at very low angle. Temperate zones: sit between the polar zones and tropics. Tropical zone: near the equator; climate almost always warm
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Biotic Factors The living influences on organisms within an ecosystem.
Ex: birds, trees, bacteria
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Abiotic Factors Physical, or nonliving factors that shape ecosystems.
Ex: soil, water, temperature Together biotic and abiotic factors determine the survival and growth of an organism and how productive that ecosystem is.
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Habitat The area where an organism lives.
Niche: role in the ecosystem. Ex: place in the food chain, temps for survival, how reproduces, types of food eaten. No two species share the exact same niche
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Community Interactions
Competition Predation Symbiosis
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Competition Occurs when organisms attempt to use ecological resources in the same place at the same time. Resource: any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, food, or space. Usually a winner and a loser, with the loser failing to survive.
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Predation An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism. Predator: the organism that does the killing. Prey: the organism being hunted.
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Any relationship in which two species live closely together.
Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
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Mutualism Both species benefit from the relationship. +/+
Ex: flowers and insects
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Commensalism One member of the association benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped. +/0 Ex: shark and fish, barnacles and whales.
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Parasitism One organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it. The host organism is harmed. +/- Ex: fleas and ticks
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Succession As an ecosystem changes, older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in, causing changes in the community. Primary succession: succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists. Pioneer species: first species to populate the area. Secondary succession: occurs when land cleared and plowed for farming is abandoned; or after fires.
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