1. Respiratory

2. Functions
Provides the structures for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body through respirations
Responsible for the production of sound, (the larynx contains the vocal cords).

3. Upper: Nasal cavity Lower: Nares/Septum Trachea Pharynx Bronchi
Respiratory System
Upper:
Nasal cavity
Nares/Septum
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx
Lower:
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lungs
Pleura

4. Nasal Cavity Nasal cavity – space behind the nose
3 Regions:
- Vestibular region
- Olfactory region
- Respiratory region
Nasal septum= divides nasal cavities into right and left sides
Turbinates are bones that protrude into the nasal cavity- they increase surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucous membrane
Cilia- the hairs in your nose, trap larger dirt particles

5. Sinuses
Cavities in the skull, ducts connect them to the nasal cavity, lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air
-Frontal
-Maxillary
-Ethmoid
-Sphenoid
Sinuses give resonance to the voice

6. Common passageway for air and food 5” (inches)long
Pharynx
The throat
Common passageway for air and food
5” (inches)long
When food is swallowed, the epiglottis closes over the opening to the larynx, preventing food from entering the lungs

7. Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Pharynx
Throat
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx/
hypopharynx
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system

8. * Triangular chamber below pharynx
Larynx
* Voice box
* Triangular chamber below pharynx
* Within the larynx are vocal chords (glottis)
* Adam’s apple
Air is expelled from the lungs it passes over the vocal cords and produces sound

9. Trachea (Windpipe) 4 ½ inch long
Walls are alternate bands of membrane and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage- to keep trachea open
Lined with ciliated mucous membrane
Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden mucous

10. Lower end of trachea divides into right and left bronchus.
As they enter lungs, subdivide into bronchial tubes (trees) and bronchioles
Bronchi- similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage
Bronchi – both lower ends of trachea
Bronchus – either right bronchus or left bronchus
B r o n c h i

11. Bronchioles
Bronchial tubes- cartilaginous plates (instead of c-shaped rings)
Bronchioles - thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium
At the end, alveolar duct and cluster of alveoli

12. At the end, alveolar duct and cluster of alveoli
Composed of a single layer of epithelial tissue
Inner surfaces covered with surfactant- to keep alveoli from collapsing
Each alveolus surrounded by capillaries
O2 and CO2 exchange takes place between the alveoli and capillaries

14. Lungs
Fill thoracic cavity
Upper part= apex
Lower part = base
Base fits snugly over diaphragm
Lung tissue porous and spongy- it floats
Right lung = * larger and shorter * displaced by the liver * has 3 lobes
Left lung = * smaller *displaced by the heart * has only 2 lobes

15. Pleura Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers lungs
Double-walled sac (parietal, visceral membranes)
Space is pleural cavity- filled with pleural fluid to prevent friction

16. Mediastinum (interpleural space)
- Located between the lungs
- Contains the thoracic viscera
A septum or cavity between two principal portions of an organ

17. Breathing Inspiration PULMONARY VENTILATION
Intercoastal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward- this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in
PULMONARY
VENTILATION

18. Respiration Inspiration Expiration
Air enters the body and passes to the air sacs of the lungs (alveoli)
Expiration
Opposite action takes place
Exhalation is a passive process
Expels the carbon dioxide from the alveoli of the lungs

19. Diaphragm from the muscular system!
Helps with breathing

20. Respiratory Movements
1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration
Normal adult = respirations per minute
Newborn = per minute
Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases
Sleep = less respirations
Emotion can increase or decrease rate

21. Coughing- deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air- to clear lower respiratory tract
Hiccups- spasm of the diaphragm and spasmotic closure of the glottis- irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve

22. Sneezing- air forced through nose to clear upper respiratory tract
Yawning- deep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood

23. Control of Breathing
Breathing controlled by neural and chemical factors
Neural Factors
Respiratory center located in medulla oblongata
Increased CO2 or decreased O2 in the blood will trigger respiratory center
Phrenic nerve- stimulates the diaphragm

24. Control of breathing What does the Phrenic Nerve do?
Neural Factors
What does the Phrenic Nerve do?
Stimulates the diaphragm
a nerve that originates in the neck and passes down between the lung and heart to reach the diaphragm.
It is important for breathing

25. Control of Breathing Chemical Factors
Depends on the levels of CO2 in the blood
Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2

26. Lung capacity and volume – describe various lung volumes
Spirometer – apparatus for measuring the volume of air inspired and expired
Vital lung capacity – maximum amount of air a person can expel
Residual volume- air still remaining in the lungs after the most forcible expiration

27. Tidal volume – air moved into or out of the lungs
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Pulmonary Functions Test
(PFTs)

28. Types of breathing Apnea - suspension of external breathing
Dyspnea - sensation of difficulty breathing
Eupnea - normal, good, unlabored ventilation
Hyperpnea - increased depth of breathing (after exercise)
Orthopnea – SOB while lying down
Tachypnea – rapid breathing
Hyperventilation - overbreathing

29. Model Lungs Need to include Supplies Place on small paper plate
Trachea
Bronchial Tree
Bronchi
Right – all lobes lung
Left Lung sliced to include bronchioles and aveoli
Supplies
Play dough (2 different colors)
Straw and stirring straws
Twist ties
Place on small paper plate