1. AF 202
Airport Operations

2. Objectives Review Airport layout and visual aids Airport operations
Interception Procedures

3. Airport Layouts and Visual Aids

4. Taxiway Markings Yellow centerline
Double yellow edge marking when edge is not easily defined
Double dashed yellow edge marking when adjoining pavement is intended for aircraft (i.e. ramp)

5. Taxiway Markings Enhanced Centerline
No more than 150 feet from hold short line

6. Hold Short
Runway Hold Short Line
ILS Hold Short Line

7. Hold Short
Hold short of runway approach

8. Taxiway Lighting Edge Lights – Steady Blue
Centerline Lights – Steady Green
Clearance Bar Lights – 3 Steady Yellow
Can be located at taxiway Intersections

9. Taxiway Lighting Runway Guard Lights – Yellow
Alternating lights next to taxiway
Row of in ground lights
Stop Bar Lights – Steady Red
Used in low visibility
In pavement row of lights
Used to confirm ATC clearance

11. Runway Markings Runway Designators Runway Centerline
Printed magnetic direction
‘L’ – Left ‘R’ – Right ‘C’ – Center
Runway Centerline
Runway Aiming point
2 broad stripes 1000 ft from threshold

12. Runway Markings Touchdown Zone Markers Threshold Markers
Marked every 500 feet
Threshold Markers
8 lines or dependent on runway width

13. Runway Markings
Types of Runways

14. Runway Markings
Visual and Non-Precision

15. Runway Markings
Precision Runway

16. Runway Markings
Relocated Threshold
Can NOT land or takeoff

17. Runway Markings
Displaced Threshold
Can takeoff
Can NOT land

18. Runway Markings
Blast Pad

19. Runway Markings
Combo Deal

20. Runway Markings
Closed

21. Runway Lighting Runway Centerline (RCLS) – White
Touchdown Zone (TDZL) – White
2 rows
100 feet past threshold to 3,000 feet
Taxiway Lead Off/On – Alternating green and yellow

22. Runway Lighting Land and Hold Short – Flashing white
Row of lights
Runway End Identifier (REIL) – Flashing white
Runway Edge – White, yellow, red, green
Yellow is the last 2,000 ft or half (shortest)
Red on end of runway, green on approach

23. Runway Lighting Runway Lighting Intensity
HIRL – High Intensity Runway Lighting
MIRL – Medium Intensity Runway Lighting
LIRL – Low Intensity Runway Lighting

24. Runway Lighting
Approach Lights

25. Runway Lights (VASI variations)

26. Runway Lighting
PAPI and tri-colored VASI

27. Runway Lighting Runway Status Light (RWSL) Runway Entrance Lights
Takeoff Hold Lights
Final Approach Runway Occupancy signal
Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) flashes if runway is occupied

28. Runway Lighting

29. Other Markings Runway Holding Position
Holding Position (Beginning of Runway)

30. Other Markings
Holding Position for Approach Area
ILS Holding Area

31. Other Markings Position (Location) markings
Direction (Destination) Markings

32. Other Markings
Runway Distance Remaining
Ground Receiver Checkpoint

33. Other Markings

34. Airport Beacons White/Green – Civilian Airport White/Yellow – Seaport
White/White/Green – Military
White/Yellow/Green - Heliport

35. Airport Operations

36. Land And Hold Short
Controller can clear a pilot for LAHSO when there is an intersecting runway
Pilot must determine if there is enough Available Runway Distance
Pilot in Command has final authority to accept clearance (cannot be forced)

37. LAHSO – AF/D

38. Wake Turbulence Large Aircraft generate large wingtip vortices
Vortex generation is governed by weight, speed and shape of wing
Heavy, slow, and clean configuration gives the greatest vortex strength

39. Wake Turbulence
Small aircraft must be separated from large and heavy aircraft by 3 minutes
3 minute separate rule does not apply
Parallel runway father than 2500 ft
When departure point is within 500 ft
When PIC waivers the rule
3 minute rule cannot be waived if behind a heavy aircraft

40. Wake Turbulence
Land/Takeoff before the rotation point of an airplane that just took off
Land/Takeoff after the touchdown point of an airplane that just landed

41. Unexpected Maneuvers
ATC services is based on observed or known traffic
Controllers establish sequence and spacing
Controllers can anticipate minor maneuvers like ‘S’ turns
Controllers cannot anticipate 360 turns
Must request or be asked by ATC

42. Intersection Takeoffs
Pilots are expected to taxi to the beginning of the runway
Pilot can request intersection takeoff

43. ATC Light Signals

44. Special VFR Must be done in controlled airspace only
Clearance must be obtained from ATC when in class B, C, D airports
Clearance must be obtained from nearest tower, FSS, or center when in class E airport

45. Special VFR Must be requested by pilot Weather Requirements At night
Visibility of at least 1 statute mile
Remain clear of clouds
At night
Pilot and aircraft must be IFR certified

46. Surveillance Environment
Surveillance is available at class B, C and D TRSA (Terminal Radar Service Area)
Initial contact is made with approach control
Altitude should be reported along with position

47. Surveillance Environment
Upon departing, initial contact is often made with Clearance Delivery
Type aircraft, location on field, course heading, requested altitude, ATIS.
Ground is simply contacted for taxi clearance
After tower you will be transferred to departure

48. Surveillance Environment
A Mode C transponder is required for most surveillance environments
Mode C is altitude encoding which means the controller can see your altitude
Why is the altitude off in the 172R transponder?

49. Surveillance Environment

50. Surveillance Equipment
Radar
Radio waves bounce off targets
Has limitations and so the pilot is still required to ‘see and avoid’
Waves can be bent by temperature inversions
Line of sight only
Low altitude aircraft are harder to see

51. ATC Radar Beacon System (ATCRSB)
Like a “secondary” radar system
Reinforces primary radar and aids in rapid target identification
Includes interrogator, transponder, and radarscope

52. Surveillance Equipment
ASR – Surveillance Radar
Often used for non-precision radar appraoches
PAR – Precision Approach Radar
Used for precision radar approaches
Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ADSE)
Provides ground radar surveillance
Some transponders have ground mode

53. Interception Procedures
“Identification intercepts during peacetime operations are vastly different than those conducted under increased states of readiness.” Here are the peacetime procedures…

54. Interception Procedures

55. Interception Procedures

56. Interception Procedures
If intercepted contact air traffic control immediately or guard 121.5
“If the U.S. military intercepts an aircraft and flares are dispensed in the area of that aircraft, aviators will pay strict attention!!!!!!”

57. Interception Procedures
Phase One
Aircraft will be approached from the stern
Two aircraft will attempt identification
Phase Two
Intercepted aircraft should expect to visually acquire the lead interceptor
They will get closer to read your tail number

58. Interception Procedures
Phase 3
After identification, flight leader will turn away followed by wingman

59. Interception Procedures

60. Interception Procedures

61. Interception Procedures

62. Peace out