1. Airport Security… A Perspective Contrasting Technological & Human Factors Mark E. Denari, SAIC

2. Airport Security – Post 9/11
The Environment – I
Threats to U.S. air transportation system, commercial aviation and airports remain high
Aircraft – still No. 1 target
Terminals and facilities – also prime target
Aviation security continues to be proactive, responsive and evolving to counter potential and emerging threats
Integrators and government continue to “push” technology providers to develop products to improve and enhance security
Some technologies developing more rapidly than others

3. Airport Security – Post 9/11
Statutory Regulations
General
TSA and airports must provide for safety and security of persons and property on an aircraft operating in air transportation or interstate air transportation against an act of criminal violence, aircraft piracy, and the introduction of an unauthorized weapon, explosive or incendiary onto an aircraft
TSA = Transportation Security Administration

4. Airport Security – Post 9/11
Statutory Regulations (cont’d)
TSA
Technologically and/or physically screen all passengers and property to ensure that threat objects and/or prohibited items do not enter airport’s sterile area
Airport – 49 CFR Part 1542
Airport operator must prevent and detect unauthorized entry, presence, and movement of individuals and ground vehicles into and within security-controlled areas

5. Airport Security – Post 9/11
Improvements and Enhancements
TSA
Checked Baggage Inspection Systems – “in-line” EDS
Advanced technology (AT) deployment – X-ray & whole body imaging (WBI)
Federal Screening Force – better trained and more aware
EDS = Explosives Detection Systems

6. Airport Security – Post 9/11
Improvements and Enhancements (cont’d)
Airports
Security systems – upgrades
Video Surveillance System (VSS) – analog to digital
Access Control System (ACS) – more efficient and capable
Physical Security Information Management (PSIM) – very limited deployment
Perimeter Intrusion Detection Systems (PIDS) – very limited deployment
Credentialing and identity management – coming onboard
Personnel – better understanding and more aware

7. Airport Security – Post 9/11
The Environment – II
TSA
100 percent EDS screening of all checked baggage
Passenger Screening Checkpoint – detect weapons, explosives & other potential threat objects (remove capability)
Screening/Inspection personnel – TSO, BDO, K-9, TSI, other
EDS = Explosives Detection Systems

8. Airport Security – Post 9/11
The Environment – II (cont’d)
Airports
Security systems/technology
ACS – effective card or smart card access system
VSS – monitoring & forensics
Airport Security Program (ASP)
TSA-approved to comply with AVSEC regulations, policies & procedures
Provides direction & guidelines for security operations
Security Operations
Airport personnel, law enforcement & contract security personnel
Patrols, random inspections, access control monitoring, other
ASP participants - Airport, air carriers, non-aviation tenants, contractors & others

9. Airport Security – Post 9/11
The Environment – III
Security environmental conditions – all airports
1 – Airfield perimeter (fence or barrier)
2 – Perimeter vehicle access gates (to security controlled area)
3 – Terminal employee access doors (to security controlled area)
4 – Passenger screening checkpoints (to sterile area)
5 – Terminal lobby areas (public area)
6 – Terminal curbs and roadways
Airport operator … must prevent and detect unauthorized entry of persons and/or vehicles – conditions 1, 2 and 3
TSA … condition 4
Conditions 5 and 6 – major challenges

10. Airport Security – Post 9/11
Contrasting Security “Apparatus”
Passenger and property screening (TSA responsibility) – Condition 4
Threat prevention and detection – technology “centric”
Advanced technology (AT) deployed at passenger screening checkpoints
Airport security (airport – operator responsibility) – Conditions 1,2 and 3
Threat prevention and detection – human “centric”
Security system – physical security, ID display, challenging, awareness and training
Little, if any, effectiveness with advanced technologies – ACS and VSS
ACS = Access Control System VSS = Video Surveillance System

11. Airport Security – Post 9/11
Challenges
Controlling access at terminal and perimeter gate access points
Rely heavily on human performance – accessing and securing doors and gates
Potential for human failure
Preventing and detecting unauthorized access to security controlled areas
Rely heavily on human involvement and awareness
“System” challenged – most airside personnel involved in high-tempo air carrier operations
Very limited airport resources available for security operations

12. Airport Security – Post 9/11
Addressing Challenges
Leverage existing, widely deployed, security systems and technologies
Specifically, Digital Video Surveillance System (DVMS)
Deployed at terminal employee access doors and perimeter vehicle access gates
Develop and implement advanced video analytics (VA)
Various algorithms detect behaviors related to security environmental conditions…”piggybacking,” loitering, object left behind, others
High probability of detection (PD) vs. low false-alarm rate (FAR)
Shifts Video Surveillance System (VSS) from monitoring system to detection system
Security force multiplier

13. Enhancing Detection – Video Analytics
Terminals: VSS/VIDEO ANALYTICS, ACS, biometrics
Airside/Perimeter: PIDS - VSS/VIDEO ANALYTICS
Human “Tailgating”
Vehicle Intrusion
Suspicious Vehicle
Loitering Inside
Public Areas: VSS/VIDEO ANALYTICS
Landside/Roadways: VSS/VIDEO ANALYTICS, data sensors
ACS = Access Control System VSS = Video Surveillance System PIDS = Perimeter Intrusion Detection Systems

14. Airport Security – Post 9/11
Final Points
Video analytic companies need to “push the envelope”… we can do this!
Government, integrators/solutions companies, technology providers – need to work collaboratively and proactively
Have vision and mission – “the art of the possible”
Constantly assess current and emerging threats
Strive to increase reliance on technology and decrease it on humans
Continue to champion funding support from internal and external sources