1. 04/07/2019
The Earth and Beyond

2. There are nine planets in our solar system:
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Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
My Very Easy Method Just Speeds Up Naming Planets

3. Solar systems, galaxies and the Universe
04/07/2019
(Basically, everything in the universe orbits around something else)
OUR SUN is one of millions of stars that orbit the centre of…
THE MILKY WAY, which is one of a billion galaxies that orbit AND move away from the centre of…
THE UNIVERSE

4. 04/07/2019
The Life Cycle of a Star

5. Stage 1: Nebulae A nebulae is a collection of dust, gas and rock.
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A nebulae is a collection of dust, gas and rock.
Some examples of nebulae…

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(No need to know these names)
Dark nebula

7. 04/07/2019
(No need to know these names)
Emission nebula

8. 04/07/2019
(No need to know these names)
Planetary nebula

9. 04/07/2019
(No need to know these names)
Reflection nebula

10. Stage 2: Protostar
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Gravity will slowly pull these particles together…
As they move inwards their gravitational potential energy is converted into heat and a PROTOSTAR is formed
The force of gravity makes the dust particles come spiralling in together. As they do so their gravitational potential energy is converted into heat energy and the temperature rises…

11. Words – heavier, balanced, hydrogen, nuclear, temperatures
Stage 3: Main Sequence
04/07/2019
Our sun is an example of a main sequence star – it’s in the middle of a 10 billion year life span
In a main sequence star the forces of attraction pulling the particles inwards are _________ by forces acting outwards due to the huge __________ inside the star.
Stars are basically ________ reactors that use _______ as a fuel. During its main sequence a star will release energy by converting hydrogen and helium (light elements) into _________ elements.
Words – heavier, balanced, hydrogen, nuclear, temperatures
Eventually the temperature rises enough for the hydrogen gas to undergo nuclear fusion. A massive amount of heat and light are given out and the star is stable for around 10,000 million years.

12. Stage 4: Red Giant
04/07/2019
Eventually the hydrogen and helium will run out. When this happens the star will become colder and redder and start to swell…
If the star is relatively small (like our sun) the star will become a RED GIANT
Eventually the hydrogen begins to run out and the star swells into a red giant. (At this point our sun will suck in Earth and the planets around it)
If the star is big (at least 4 times the size of our sun) it will become a RED SUPERGIANT

13. Stage 5: The Death
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What happens at this point depends on the size of the star…
1) For SMALL stars the red giant will collapse under its own gravity and form a very dense white dwarf:
Red giant
For small stars the star will shrink into a WHITE DWARF and then it cools and fades to a BLACK DWARF (like a dying fire)
White dwarf
Black dwarf

14. This explosion is called a SUPERNOVA
2) If the star was a RED SUPERGIANT it will shrink and then EXPLODE, releasing massive amounts of energy, dust and gas.
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Before
After
This explosion is called a SUPERNOVA
When a big star runs out of fuel it would collapse and blow off its outer layer in an enormous explosion called a SUPERNOVA (click to show picture)

15. If the star is big enough it could become a BLACK HOLE.
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The dust and gas on the outside of the supernova are thrown away by the explosion and the remaining core turns into a NEUTRON STAR.
If the star is big enough it could become a BLACK HOLE.
The dust and gas on the outside of the supernova are thrown away by the explosion and the remaining core turns into a NEUTRON STAR. If the star is big enough it will become a BLACK HOLE. (The picture shows a black hole after forming in the middle of other stars)

16. Stage 6: Second generation stars
04/07/2019
The dust and gas thrown out by a supernova can be used to form a new star…
Our sun is believed to be a “______ ______ star” – this is because it contains some __________ elements along with hydrogen and ________. These heavier elements would have been the products of a previous star that have been thrown out by a ________. These heavier elements are also found on planets, indicating that they might have been made from remains of previous _______ as well.
Words – helium, heavier, second generation, stars, supernova
The dust and gas thrown off by the supernova will form SECOND GENERATION stars (like our sun) and a new solar system