1. 23.4/5-Napoleon’s Defeat & Congress of Vienna

2. Peninsular War
To get Portugal to agree to blockade- sent invasion force through Spain
Enraged Spanish-Napoleon responded by removing Spanish king for brother Joseph
Spain upset-began guerilla war against France
Small groups-would attack and then flee into hiding
Napoleon lost 300,000 men and France weakened

3. Invasion of Russia
Biggest mistake for Napoleon- Russian leader would not stop selling grain to Britain
Originally allies-breakdown of alliance and march of French troops into Russia
Russians practiced scorched earth policy-burned grain and livestock so enemy cannot eat
Russia burned capital rather than let Napoleon conquer it
As Napoleon and troops retreated- died from cold, hunger, etc.

5. Napoleon’s Defeat
France weak-Russia, Britain, Prussia and Sweden joined against Napoleon
Austria also declared war-all main powers of Europe all at war with France
Opposing troops forced on- captured Paris
Napoleon defeated & sent into exile in Elba

7. Hundred Days New king-Louis XVIII
Unpopular-Napoleon escaped Elba and returned to France- become emperor again
British and Prussians attacked Napoleon and defeated him at Waterloo
Europeans sent him to St. Helena in Atlantic-lived in exile and died in 1821
“Great leader but no virtue”-new order needed in France

10. Congress of Vienna
European leaders were looking to establish peace and stability on continent after defeat of Napoleon
Series of meetings in Vienna to achieve this goal
Meant to last four weeks- instead 8 months

11. Metternich’s Plan for Europe
Most arrangements made in secret by 5 “great powers”- Russia, Prussia, Austria, Britain, and France
Most influential foreign minister of Austria-Klemens von Metternich
Distrusted democracy-saw Napoleon’s actions resulting from problems with democracy
Get back to stable Europe

12. Containment of France
Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Republic united for form Kingdom of Netherlands
39 German states unified for German Confederation
Switzerland recognized as independent
All done to make weak countries around France stronger and prevent France from trying to dominate weaker nations

14. Balance of Power
Although Congress wanted to weaken France-did not want to leave it powerless
If severely punished them-might try to take revenge
If broke France up-another country may become too powerful
France still big power but weakened
No country in Europe easily overpower another

15. Legitimacy
Affirmed principle of legitimacy- restoring old rulers of Europe back to Europe
Belief of return of former monarchs would stabilize relations in Europe
Congress of Vienna success in bringing countries together to fix issues
Victory for conservatives-brought old princes and kings back to power

16. Spirit of Revolution
Governments held firm but could not fully contain ideas from the Revolution
France deeply divided between conservatives happy with Louis XVIII and liberals who wanted more power to legislature
Set political ideas of democracy, freedom, equality, etc. in motion

17. Long-Term Legacy
Revolutions broke out in Brazil, Mexico, and Latin America
Diminished the size and power of France
Nationalism (patriotism) spread- would break out in later revolutions in 1800s
Ideas about power and authority permanently changed
People began to see democracy as best way to ensure equality and justice