2. The Structure and Function in Living Things

3. Chapter Fifteen: The Diversity of Life
15.1 Taxonomy and Systematics
15.2 Algae and Fungi

4. Investigation 15B Bread Mold
What is mold and how does it grow on bread?

5. 15.2 Evolution of sexual reproduction
The first prokaryotic cells appeared about 3 billion years ago.
Prokaryotic cells reproduce asexually by splitting in two.
Asexual reproduction does not allow for genetic variation unless a mutation occurs.

6. 15.2 Evolution of sexual reproduction
About 1 billion years ago, the first eukaryotic cells appeared.
Eukaryotic cells evolved the ability to reproduce sexually.
Organisms that reproduce sexually produce more genetic variation among their offspring.

7. 15.2 Evolution of sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation and leads to new species.

8. 15.2 Protista
The Kingdom Protista, often called protists, contains many groups that evolved separately.
Scientists categorize the many groups under three main types.

9. 15.2 Algae
Algae are photosynthetic protists that are plant-like in many ways.
Kelp is a good example of multicellular algae.

10. 15.2 Algae
Some multicellular algae, such as Ulva, follow a pattern of reproduction called alternation of generations.

11. 15.2 Fungi
Originally classified as plants, fungi (singular fungus) do not make their own food.
Yeast, mushrooms, molds, and are examples of organisms in the Kingdom Fungi.

12. 15.2 Fungi Fungi do not eat their food as animals do.
Instead, they release digestive enzymes into their surroundings.
The enzymes break down organic material and the fungi absorb the nutrients directly into their cells.

13. 15.2 Fungi
Some fungi live in symbiotic relationships with algae, bacteria, or plants.
In those relationships, both the fungi and the other organism benefit.
Lichens are made of two
organisms—a fungus, and a green algae or cyanobacteria.

14. 15.2 Fungi
All fungi are made up of thread-like filaments called hyphae.
The cells that make up the hyphae sometimes contain two, three, or even more nuclei.
The hyphae form a cottony mass of threads called a mycelium.

16. Ecology Connection Likeable Lichens
Lichens are important indicators of a healthy ecosystem.
Many lichens are sensitive to chemical pollutants.

17. How to Make a Simple Cladogram
Activity
How to Make a Simple Cladogram
In this activity, you will use fruit to learn how to make a simple cladogram.