1. Reaction Energy

2. A Bomb Calorimeter

3. A Cheaper Calorimeter

4. Specific Heat
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance by one degree Celsius.

5. Table of Specific Heats

6. Calculations involving Specific Heat
cp = ___q__
m x T
q = cp x m x T OR
cp = Specific Heat
q = Heat lost or gained
T = Temperature change

7. Heat of Reaction
The amount of heat released or absorbed during a chemical reaction.
Endothermic:
Reactions in which energy is absorbed as the reaction proceeds.
Exothermic:
Reactions in which energy is released as the reaction proceeds.

8. Endothermic Reactions

9. Exothermic Reactions

10. Enthalpy and Entropy
Reactions tend to proceed in the direction that lowers the energy of the system (H, enthalpy).
Reactions tend to proceed in the direction that increases the disorder of the system (S, entropy).

11. Spontaneity of Reactions
Reactions proceed spontaneously in the direction that lowers their free energy, G.
G = H - TS
If G is negative, the reaction is spontaneous.
If G is positive, the reaction is NOT spontaneous.