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Dì十kè 你juéde zuótiān 的 kǎoshì 怎麼 yàng?
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fēicháng (intensifier) extremely
$ 0.75 fēicháng + adjectival verb 這|这bēi chá … • 這個|这个nǚ(女)老師|师 … 他的qián… fēicháng 少 Tài少了!
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Describing how an action is performed
S + (V-O) + V + de + intensifier + adjectival verb 他 (jiāo中文) jiāo de 很/fēicháng 好。 Negation occurs before the adjectival verb. 他 (jiāo中文) jiāo de 不好。 Asking how an action is performed: 他 (jiāo中文) jiāo de zěn麼yàng? 他 (jiāo中文) jiāo de zěn么yàng?
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Describing how an action is performed
S + (V-O) + V + de + intensifier + adjectival verb How well do you speak Chinese… • 你說中文說 de 怎麼yàng? 你说中文说 de 怎么yàng? • 我(說中文)說 de很/fēicháng/不好。 我(说中文)说 de很/fēicháng/不好。 你學中文的 yǔfǎ學de 怎麼yàng? 你学中文的 yǔfǎ学de 怎么yàng?
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Describing how an action is performed
S + (V-O) + V + de + intensifier + adjectival verb Comment on how they perform: 他 tiàowǔ tiào de 怎麼yàng? 他 tiàowǔ tiào de 怎么yàng? 他 (tiàowǔ) tiào de fēicháng好。 她 chànggē chàng de怎麼yàng? 她 chànggē chàng de怎么yàng? 她 (chànggē) chàng de fēicháng不好 。
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Describing how an action is performed
S + V-O + V + de + intensifier + adjectival verb 多 vs. 少 • 我 吃飯|饭 吃 de 很/fēicháng 多/少。 我 mǎi dōngxi mǎi de 很/fēicháng 多/少。 我 hējiǔ hē de 很/fēicháng 多/少。 我 tīng yīnyuè tīng de 很/fēicháng 多/少。
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Describing how an action is performed
S + V-O + V + de + intensifier + adjectival verb kuài ‘fast’ vs. màn ‘slow(ly)’ 我 吃飯|饭 吃 de 很/fēicháng kuài/màn。 我 xǐzǎo xǐ de 很/fēicháng kuài/màn。 我 kànshū kàn de 很/fēicháng kuài/màn。 我 zuò gōngkè zuò de 很/fēicháng kuài/màn。
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Describing how an action is performed
S + (V-O) + V + de + intensifier + adjectival verb He woke up very early/late this morning. 他 jīntiān 早shang 起chuáng起de 很早/晚。 Do you write (Chinese) characters fast? 你 xiě (hàn)zì xiě de kuài不kuài? How did you do for yesterday’s test? 你 zuótiān 的 kǎoshì kǎo de 怎麼|么yàng?
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Describing nouns with adjective verbs
When an adjective verb describes a noun, the adjectival verb, followed by the particle 的, occurs before the noun that is being described. AdjV 的(main) Noun That new café 那個|个xīn的 kāfēiguǎn
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Describing nouns with adjective verbs
Adjectival verbs usually do not occur alone, but are either preceded by an intensifier or 不. When no special emphasis is intended, the intensifier 很 is used before the adjectival verb. 很nán的 kǎoshì ‘difficult test’ fēicháng nán的 kǎoshì ‘extremely difficult test’ 不nán的 kǎoshì ‘not-difficult test’ 10
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Describing nouns with adjective verbs
的 is generally present if the adjectival verb is more than one syllable long, or if the adjectival verb is preceded by an intensifier. 很piányi 的 shǒujī Exception: 多 and 少 • 很多的zì
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Describing nouns with adjective verbs
的 is often omitted if the adjectival verb + noun together form a commonly used expression. 好xuésheng 好háizi boy-/girlfriend vs. male/female friends nán/nǚ péngyou vs. nán/nǚ的péngyou
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Adjectival verbs as main verbs
Adjectival verbs may serve as the main verb in the Mandarin sentence. When they do, the order of information in the sentence is S + V. The teacher’s computer is expensive. 老師|师的diànnǎo 是很guì。
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Adjectival verbs as main verbs
When the adjectival verb is 多duō and 少shǎo, English and Mandarin presents the information in the sentence in very different ways. There are many/few people. • 人是很多/少。 I have a lot of/little money. 我有很多/少qián。 Subject-Verb 我的qián很多/少。 Topic-Comment
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去 + location 去 + ActV [go do an action] Go take a shower Go study
去xǐzǎo • 去學|学xí 去 + Location [go to a location] Go to the library Go to his dorm 去túshūguǎn 去他的sùshè
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gēn NP (一起) together with NP
NP1 gēn NP2 一起 + V-O • 我的tóngwū gēn 我一起學|学中文。 Shéi gēn 小 Lǐ 一起去túshūguǎn kàn shū? 小Gāo 小Gāo 的 nǚ péngyou 小Lǐ 16
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gēn NP (一起) (prep.) together with NP
I would like to … with you. 我 xiǎng gēn 你 一 起 … Go sing karaoke Go to China to learn Chinese • 我 xiǎng gēn 你 一起去中guó 學|学中文。 Whom do you want to …with? 你 xiǎng gēn shéi 一 起 …?
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gēn NP (一起) (prep.) together with NP
Ask your roommate: Whom did you go dancing with last night? 你zuótiān 晚shang gēn shéi 一 起去tiàowǔ? Do you want to go with us? • 你 yào不yào gēn我們|们一起去?
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gāng (adv.): just now gāng + Verb My roommate just woke up.
我的tóngwū gāng 起chuáng。 My mom just gave me a call. 我māma gāng gěi 我 dǎ diàn話。 我māma gāng gěi 我 dǎ diàn话。 The class is just over! Gāng xiàkè!
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gāng (adv.): just now Little Wang just sang the “Happy Birthday”
song with his friends. 小Wáng gāng gēn 他的 péngyou 一起chàng 生rì kuàilè gē 。 Little Zhang just practiced speaking Chinese with her classmates. 小張gāng gēn 她的 tóng 學一起 liànxí 說中文。 小张gāng gēn 她的 tóng 学一起 liànxí 说中文。
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dǒng (v.) to understand Excuse me, I don’t understand what you said.
• 對不起,我不dǒng你說什麼。 对不起,我不dǒng你说什么。 The teacher speaks extremely fast. Do you understand? 老師|师說|说de fēicháng kuài, 你dǒng不dǒng? 我dǒng了!
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有的…有的… “有的 NP” always occurs before the verb of the sentence.
some of the “有的 NP” always occurs before the verb of the sentence. Some (of the people) like drinking coffee; some like drinking tea. 有的人xǐhuan hē kāfēi,有的(人)xǐhuan hē chá。 Some of the students are dancing; some are singing. • 有的學|学生zài tiàowǔ,有的(學|学生) zài chànggē 。
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有的…有的… Topic comment structure
some of the Topic comment structure I know some of the teachers; some I don’t. • 有的老師|师我rènshi,有的(老師|师)我不 rènshi。 I don’t understand some of the grammar; I forgot and couldn’t write some of the characters. 有的yǔfǎ 我不dǒng,有的zì 我wàng了, 不會|会xiě。
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有的…有的… 有的 NP also implies a comparison with other
some of the 有的 NP also implies a comparison with other nouns or noun phrases. Some of the books are cheap; some are expensive. 有的shū很piányi,有的(shū)很guì。
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