1. Biology STAAR review
Session 5
Biomolecules

2. 9A. You need to know the significance of various molecules involved in metabolic processes and energy conversions that occur in living organisms.
You are expected to compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Large organic molecules are created by the process of POLYMERIZATION.
Mono=1
Poly=many

3. Carbohydrates Composed of C, H, O Monomer – monosaccharides (sugars)
Structure/shape – hexagon
Function - main source of energy, support cells
Examples
Glucose,fructose - mono
Cellulose, glycogen, starch - poly
Found in – fruits & veggies
Starch
Glucose

4. Lipids Composed of C H O Structure/shape – E
Monomer – One glycerol & 3 fatty acids
Function-
Stores long-term energy
Main component of cell membrane
Waterproof covering
Examples - Fats, oils, mono & polyunsaturated
Found in – butter, animal fats, oils

5. Protein Composed of C H O N Structure/shape Monomer – amino acids
Function
Build cells & body structures
Transports molecules in cell membranes
Examples –
found in muscles, bone, skin, hair,
Enzymes, hormones

6. Nucleic Acid Composed of C H O N P Monomer – nucleotides
Structure/shape
Function
Store & transmit genetic info
Instruction for protein synthesis
Examples
DNA, RNA

7. Monomers that make up Polymers
Aka
carbohydrates

9. 9C. You are expected to identify and investigate the role of enzymes
Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions by weakening bonds, thus lowering the amount of activation energy needed
Specialized proteins, catalysts (speed up chemical reactions), build and break down
Do NOT change during reaction, are reusable,
Are specific to reaction & end in “-ase” Example: Lactase speeds up the breakdown of lactose

10. Factors that affect enzymes
Environmental conditions
Temperature, pH, Salt
Inhibitors
Chemicals interfere with active site
Coenzymes/cofactors
Ex. Zinc, iron, vitamins
Needed for enzymes to bind properly to substrates

11. 9D. You are expected to analyze and evaluate the evidence regarding the formation of simple organic molecules and their organization into long complex molecules having information such as the DNA molecule for self replicating life.