1. Endothelial cell activation
Barbara J. Ballermann 
Kidney International 
Volume 53, Issue 6, Pages (June 1998)
DOI: /j x
Copyright © 1998 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
(A) Hematoxylin-eosin-stained renal interstitium showing marked inflammatory cell infiltration and a potentially obstructing tubular cast. (B) Electron micrograph of a glomerular capillary loop showing markedly swollen endothelial cells that nearly obliterate the capillary lumen. Endothelial cells have detached from the basement membrane (arrows). Flocculant material has accumulated between the glomerular capillary basement membrane and the endothelial cell.
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 1998 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Schematic representation of the components of endothelial cell activation. (A) Activation of the complement cascade in the vicinity of endothelial cells leads to liberation of complement components that can interact directly with endothelial cells. (B) TNFα is produced by a number of cells, including endothelial cells, in response to diverse stimuli. TNFα in turn stimulates IL-1β release by endothelial cells and macrophages. (C) Consequences of endothelial cell activation by TNFα and IL-1β include leukocyte recruitment, expression of procoagulant activity, and alterations in mediator release. Abbreviations are: MCPs, monocyte chemotactic proteins; PECAM-1, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1.
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 1998 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions