MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
Branches of Physics Concept of a Point Object, Reference Point and Frame of Reference Origin of Position and Time; Rest and Motion – Relative Terms Motion in One, Two and Three Dimension Motion in a Straight Line – Distance and Displacement, Scalar & Vector Speed - Uniform, Variable, Average and Instantaneous Speed Velocity - Uniform, Variable, Average(Graph) and Instantaneous(Graph) Difference between Speed and Velocity Uniform Motion in a Straight Line Position-Time Graph and Velocity-Time Graph of Uniform Motion Non-uniform Motion – Acceleration (Uniform, Non-Uniform) Position-Time Graph and Velocity-Time Graph of Non-Uniform Motion Equations of Motion – Normal(1st,2nd,3rd) / Graphical(1st,2nd,3rd) / Calculus(1st,2nd,3rd) Method of Derivation Relative Velocity and Graphs Created by C. Mani, Education Officer, KVS RO Silchar Next

Mechanics Statics Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics
Mechanics is a branch of physics that deals with the motion of a body due to the application of force. The two main branches of mechanics are: (a) Statics and (b) Dynamics Statics Statics is the study of the motion of an object under the effect of forces in equilibrium. Dynamics Dynamics is the study of the motion of the objects by taking into account the cause of their change of states (state of rest or motion). Dynamics is classified into (i) Kinematics and (ii) Kinetics Kinematics The study of the motion of the objects without taking into account the cause of their motion is called kinematics. Kinetics Kinetics is the study of motion which relates to the action of forces causing the motion and the mass that is moved. Home Next Previous

Concept of a Point Object
In mechanics, a particle is a geometrical mass point or a material body of negligible dimensions. It is only a mathematical idealization. Examples: In practice, the nearest approach to a particle is a body, whose size is much smaller than the distance or the length involved. Home Next Previous

POSITION, PATH LENGTH AND DISPLACEMENT Reference Point
Consider a rectangular coordinate system consisting of three mutually perpendicular axes, labeled X-, Y-, and Z- axes. The point of intersection of these three axes is called origin (O) and serves as the reference point. The coordinates (x, y, z) of an object describe the position of the object with respect to this coordinate system. Frame of reference The coordinate system along with a clock to measure the time constitutes a frame of reference. Positive direction The positive direction of an axis is in the direction of increasing numbers (coordinates). Negative direction The negative direction of an axis is in the direction of decreasing numbers (coordinates). X Z Y O Home Next Previous

What effect do you get when you play video game involving car racing?
While describing motion, we use reference point or origin w.r.t. which the motion of other bodies are observed. We can use any object as reference point. For example, a car at rest or in motion can be used as reference point. When you travel in a bus or train you can see the trees, buildings and the poles moving back. To a tree, you are moving forward and to you, the trees are moving back. Both, you and the trees, can serve as reference point but motion can not be described without reference point. What effect do you get when you play video game involving car racing? Home Next Previous

Origin, unit and direction of position measurement of an object
(m) +X -X 1. The distance measured to the right of the origin of the position axis is taken positive and the distance measured to the left of the origin is taken negative. 2. The origin for position can be shifted to any point on the position axis. 3. The distance between two points on position-axis is not affected due to the shift in the origin of position-axis. Origin, unit and sense of passage of time (s) +t -t 1. The time measured to the right of the origin of the time-axis is taken positive and the time measured to the left of the origin is taken negative. 2. The origin of the time-axis can be shifted to any point on the time-axis. 3. The negative time co-ordinate of a point on time-axis means that object reached that point a time that much before the origin of the time-axis i.e. t = 0. 4. The time interval between two points on time-axis is not affected due to the shift in the origin of time-axis. Home Next Previous

When the same point is chosen as origins for position and time:
O A B C x = x = 30 km x = 40 km x = 55 km t = t = 6 h t = 8 h t = 11 h Origin for position and time When the different points are chosen as origins for position and time: O A B C x = - 40 km x = -10 km x = 0 km x = 15 km t = -6 h t = t = 2 h t = 5 h Origin for time Origin for position Home Next Previous

Rest and Motion A ball is moving w.r.t. a stationary man.
A ball is at rest w.r.t. a stationary man. A car is at rest w.r.t. a stationary man. A car is moving w.r.t. a stationary man. Home Next Previous

Rest A body is said to be at rest if its position remains constant with respect to its surroundings or frame of reference. Examples: Mountains, Buildings, etc. Motion A body is said to be in motion if its position is changing with respect to its surroundings or frame of reference. Examples: 1. Moving cars, buses, trains, cricket ball, etc. 2. All the planets revolving around the Sun 3. Molecules of a gas in motion above 0 K Rest and Motion are relative terms: An object which is at rest can also be in motion simultaneously. Eg. The passengers sitting in a moving train are at rest w.r.t. each other but they are also in motion at the same time w.r.t. the objects like trees, buildings, etc. Home Next Previous

Rest and Motion are Relative Terms
Car is moving w.r.t. stationary man. Car is moving w.r.t. stationary man. Home Next Previous

Rest and Motion are Relative Terms
Both the cars are at rest w.r.t. stationary man. Both the cars are moving w.r.t. a stationary man. Both the cars are at rest w.r.t. each other. Home Next Previous

Rest and Motion are Relative Terms – How?
In the examples of motion of ball and car, man is considered to be at rest (stationary). But, the man is standing on the Earth and the Earth itself moves around the Sun as well as rotates about its own axis. Therefore, man is at rest w.r.t. the Earth but is rotating and revolving around the Sun. That is why rest and motion are relative terms ! Home Next Previous

Analyse the following cases to understand motion and rest !
A ship is sailing in the ocean. Man-A in the ship is running on the board in the direction opposite to the direction of motion of the ship. Man-B in the ship is standing and watching the Man-A. Analyse the following cases to understand motion and rest ! Man-A w.r.t. Man-B Man-A w.r.t. ship Man-B w.r.t. ship Ship w.r.t. still water Man-A w.r.t. still water Man-B w.r.t. still water Ocean w.r.t. the Earth Ocean w.r.t. the Sun Earth w.r.t. the Sun Ship w.r.t. the Sun The Sun w.r.t. Milky Way Galaxy Milky Way Galaxy w.r.t. other galaxies Your imagination should not ever stop ! Home Next Previous

MOTION IN ONE, TWO OR THREE DIMENSIONS One Dimensional Motion
The motion of the object is said to be one dimensional if only one of the three coordinates is required to be specified with respect to time. It is also known as rectilinear motion. In such a motion the object moves in a straight line. Example: A train moving in straight track, a man walking in a narrow, leveled road, etc. Two Dimensional Motion The motion of the object is said to be two dimensional if two of the three coordinates are required to be specified with respect to time. In such a motion the object moves in a plane. Example: Ant moving on a floor, a billiard ball moving on a billiard table, etc. Three Dimensional Motion The motion of the object is said to be three dimensional if all the three coordinates are required to be specified with respect to time. Such a motion takes place in space. Example: A flying airplane, bird, kite, etc. Home Next Previous

Motion in a Straight Line
Path The line joining the successive positions of a moving body is called its path. The length of the actual path between the initial and final position gives the distance travelled by the body. Distance is a scalar. Illustration N 2 km 5 km Distance travelled is 7 km. 5 km Distance travelled is 10 km. Home Next Previous

Displacement Illustration
Displacement is the directed line segment joining the initial and final positions of a moving body. It is a vector. Illustration N 2 km 5 km Displacement is 6.57 km in the direction shown by the arrow mark. 5 km Displacement is 0 km. Home Next Previous

Conclusions about displacement
If a body changes from one position x1 to another position x2, then the displacement Δx in time interval Δt = t2 – t1, is Δx = x2 – x1 Conclusions about displacement The displacement is a vector quantity. The displacement has units of length. The displacement of an object in a given time interval can be positive, zero or negative. The actual distance travelled by an object in a given time interval can be equal to or greater than the magnitude of the displacement. The displacement of an object between two points does not tell exactly how the object actually moved between those points. The displacement of a particle between two points is a unique path, which can take the particle from its initial to final position. The displacement of an object is not affected due to the shift in the origin of the position-axis. Home Next Previous

Scalar Vector Distance C A Displacement B S. No. Distance Displacement
1 Distance is a scalar quantity. Displacement is a vector quantity. Distance travelled by a moving body cannot be zero. Final displacement of a moving body can be zero. 2 Scalar Scalar quantity is a physical quantity which has magnitude only. Eg.: Length, Mass, Time, Speed, Energy, etc. Vector Vector quantity is a physical quantity which has both magnitude as well as direction. Eg.: Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, Momentum, Force, etc. Home Next Previous

Speed The time rate of change of distance of a particle is called speed. Speed = Distance travelled Time taken v = s t or Note: Speed is a scalar quantity. Speed is either positive or zero but never negative. Speed of a running car is measured by ‘speedometer’. Speed is measured in i) cm/s (cm s-1) in cgs system of units ii) m/s (m s-1) in SI system of units and iii) km/h (km.p.h., km h-1) in practical life when distance and time involved are large. Home Next Previous

Uniform Speed Variable Speed Average Speed
A particle or a body is said to be moving with uniform speed, if it covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, howsoever small these intervals may be. Variable Speed A particle or a body is said to be moving with variable speed, if it covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, howsoever small these intervals may be. Average Speed When a body moves with variable speed, the average speed of the body is the ratio of the total distance traveled by it to the total time taken. Average speed = Total distance travelled Total time taken vav = stot ttot or Home Next Previous

Instantaneous Speed Position -Time Graph
If a particle covers the 1st half of the total distance with a speed ‘a’ and the second half with a speed ‘b’, then vav = 2ab a + b If a particle covers 1st 1/3rd of a distance with a speed ‘a’, 2nd 1/3rd of the distance with speed ‘b’ and 3rd 1/3rd of the distance with speed ‘c’, then vav = 3abc ab + bc + ca Instantaneous Speed When a body is moving with variable speed, the speed of the body at any instant is called instantaneous speed. Position -Time Graph Position x (m) Time t (s) O Position x (m) Time t (s) O Position x (m) Time t (s) O An object in uniform motion An object in non-uniform motion Stationary object Home Next Previous

Velocity The time rate of change of displacement of a particle is called velocity. Velocity = Displacement Time taken v = s t or Note: Velocity is a vector quantity. Direction of velocity is the same as the direction of displacement of the body. Velocity can be either positive, zero or negative. Velocity can be changed in two ways: i) by changing the speed of the body or ii) by keeping the speed constant but by changing the direction. 5. Velocity is measured in i) cm/s (cm s-1) in cgs system of units ii) m/s (m s-1) in SI system of units and iii) km/h (km.p.h., km h-1) in practical life when distance and time involved are large. 1 m/s = km/h 18 5 1 km/h = m/s 5 18 Home Next Previous

Uniform Velocity Variable Velocity Average Velocity
A particle or a body is said to be moving with uniform velocity, if it covers equal displacements in equal intervals of time, howsoever small these intervals may be. Variable Velocity A particle or a body is said to be moving with variable velocity, if its speed or its direction or both changes with time. Average Velocity When a body moves with variable velocity, the average velocity of the body is the ratio of the total (net) displacement covered by it to the total time taken. Average velocity = Net displacement Total time taken vav = stot ttot or vav = 2 u + v For a body moving with uniform acceleration, Average velocity is also defined as the change in position or displacement (Δx) divided by the time intervals (Δt), in which the displacement occurs: vav = x2 – x1 t2 – t1 vav = Δx Δt or Home Next Previous Note: No effort or force is required to move the body with uniform velocity.

(in the case (b) put s1 = s2)
a) If a particle undergoes a displacement s1 along a straight line in time t1 and a displacement s2 in time t2 in the same direction, then vav = s1 + s2 t1 + t2 b) If a particle undergoes a displacement s1 along a straight line with velocity v1 and a displacement s2 with velocity v2 in the same direction, then vav = (s1+s2) v1 v2 s1v2 + s2 v1 c) If a particle travels first half of the displacement along a straight line with velocity v1 and the next half of the displacement with velocity v2 in the same direction, then vav = 2 v1 v2 v1 + v2 (in the case (b) put s1 = s2) d) If a particle travels for a time t1 with velocity v1 and for a time t2 with velocity v2 in the same direction, then vav = V1t2 + v2 t2 t1 + t2 e) If a particle travels first half of the time with velocity v1 and the next half of the time with velocity v2 in the same direction, then vav = v1 + v2 2 (in the case (d) put t1 = t2) Home Next Previous

Average Velocity Uniform Velocity Position x (m) Time t (s) O x2 P2
The slope of P1P2 gives average velocity. P1 x1 t1 t2 Uniform Velocity Position x (m) Time t (s) O Position x (m) Time t (s) O Position x (m) Time t (s) O x – t graph for stationary object x – t graph for an object with +ve velocity x – t graph for an object with -ve velocity Home Next Previous

Difference between Speed and Velocity
1. Speed is the time rate of change of distance of a body. 1. Velocity is the time rate of change of displacement of a body. 2. Speed tells nothing about the direction of motion of the body. 2. Velocity tells the direction of motion of the body. 3. Speed is a scalar quantity. 3. Velocity is a vector quantity. 4. Speed of the body can be positive or zero. 4. Velocity of the body can be positive, zero or negative. 5. Average speed of a moving body can never be zero. 5. Average velocity of a moving body can be zero. Home Next Previous

Instantaneous Velocity
When a body is moving with variable velocity, the velocity of the body at any instant is called instantaneous velocity. The velocity at an instant is defined as the limit of the average velocity as the time interval Δt becomes infinitesimally small. Position x (m) Time t (s) O x2 P2 v = Δx Δt lim Δt→0 dx dt or x4 P4 Suppose we want to calculate the instantaneous velocity at the point P at an instant t. x3 P P1 x1 P3 t1 t3 t t4 t2 The slope of P1P2 at t1 and t2 with intervals of Δt from t, (i.e. t1 = t- Δt and t2 = t+ Δt) gives the average velocity at P. The slope of P3P4 at t3 and t4 with intervals of Δt/2 from t, (i.e. t3 = t- Δt/2 and t4 = t+Δt/2) gives the average velocity at P which is the closer value to the instantaneous velocity. Proceeding this way, Δt may be gradually reduced to approach zero, i.e. Δt → 0 to get the actual value of the instantaneous velocity. Home Next Previous Though average speed over a finite interval of time is greater than or equal to the magnitude of the average velocity, instantaneous speed at an instant is equal to the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity at that instant. Why so?

Uniform Motion in a Straight Line
A body is said to be in uniform motion, if it covers equal displacements in equal intervals of time, however small these time intervals may be. Formula for uniform motion At t= At t=t At t=t2 O A B C x0 x1 x2 Suppose the origin of the position axis is point O and the origin for time measurement is taken as the instant, when object is at point A such that OA = x0. If at time t1, the object moving with velocity v is at point B such that OB = x1, then x1 = x0 + vt ………..(1) Similarly, if at time t2, the object is at point C such that OC = x2, then x2 = x0 + vt ………..(2) From equations (1) and (2), x2 – x1 = v(t2 – t1) and v = x2 – x1 t2 – t1 Home Next Previous

The following points are true for Uniform Motion:
Generally, the displacement may or may not be equal to the actual distance covered by an object. However, when uniform motion takes place along a straight line in a given direction, the magnitude of the displacement is equal to the actual distance covered by the object. The velocity of uniform motion is same for different choices of t1 and t2. The velocity of uniform motion is not affected due to the shift of the origin. The positive value of velocity means object is moving towards right of the origin, while the negative velocity means the motion is towards the left of the origin. For an object to be in uniform motion, no cause or effort, i.e. no force is required. The average and instantaneous velocity in a uniform motion are always equal, as the velocity during uniform motion is same at each point of the path or at each instant. Home Next Previous

Position - Time Graph: (Uniform motion)
Position ( m ) Time (s) X2 X1 x0 O t t2 B A C Slope of the position-time graph gives the velocity of uniform motion. v = slope of AB = BC AC v = x2 – x1 t2 – t1 or Home Next Previous

Velocity -Time Graph: (Uniform motion)
A B D C Velocity ( m/s ) Time (s) t t2 Area under velocity-time graph gives the displacement of the body in uniform motion. x2 – x1 = area ABCD = v (t2 – t1 ) Home Next Previous

NON-UNIFORM MOTION Acceleration
The particle is said to have non-uniform motion if it covers unequal displacements in equal intervals of time, however small these time intervals may be. Acceleration If the velocity of a body changes either in magnitude or in direction or both, then it is said to have acceleration. For a freely falling body, the velocity changes in magnitude and hence it has acceleration. For a body moving round a circular path with a uniform speed, the velocity changes in direction and hence it has acceleration. For a projectile, whose trajectory is a parabola, the velocity changes in magnitude and in direction, and hence it has acceleration. The acceleration and velocity of a body need not be in the same direction. Eg.: A body thrown vertically upwards. Home Next Previous

For a body moving with uniform acceleration, the average velocity is
vav = u + v 2 A body can have zero velocity and non-zero acceleration. Eg.: For a particle projected vertically up, velocity at the highest point is zero, but acceleration is -g. If a body has a uniform speed, it may have acceleration. Eg.: Uniform circular motion If a body has uniform velocity, it has no acceleration. When a body moves with uniform acceleration along a straight line and has a distance ‘x’ travelled in the nth second, in the next second it travels a distance x + a, where ‘a’ is the acceleration. Acceleration of free fall in vacuum is uniform and is called acceleration due to gravity (g) and it is equal to 980 cms-2 or 9.8 ms-2. Home Next Previous

Acceleration is a vector quantity.
Acceleration of a particle is defined as the time rate of change of its velocity. aav = v2 – v1 t2 – t1 aav = Δv Δt or The acceleration of a particle at any instant or at any point is called instantaneous acceleration. a = Δv Δt lim Δt→0 dv dt a = d2s dt2 a = or or Note: Acceleration is a vector quantity. Direction of acceleration is the same as the direction of velocity of the body. Acceleration can be either positive, zero or negative. Acceleration of a body is zero when it moves with uniform velocity. 5. Acceleration is measured in i) cm/s2 (cm s-2) in cgs system of units ii) m/s2 (m s-2) in SI system of units and iii) km/h2 (km h-2) in practical life when distance and time involved are large. Home Next Previous

Uniform Acceleration If equal changes of velocity take place in equal intervals of time, however small these intervals may be, then the body is said to be in uniform acceleration. Eg.1: The motion of a freely falling body is uniformly accelerated motion. or A body has uniform acceleration if its velocity changes at a uniform rate. Eg.2: The motion of a sliding block on a smooth inclined plane is uniformly accelerated motion. Home Next Previous

Non-uniform Acceleration
A body is said to be moving with non-uniform acceleration, if its velocity increases by unequal amounts in equal intervals of time. or A body has non-uniform acceleration if its velocity changes at a non-uniform rate. Eg.: The motion of a car on a crowded city road. Its speed (velocity) changes continuously. Retardation or Deceleration or Negative Acceleration A body is said to be retarded if its velocity decreases w.r.t. time. A car is decelerating to come to a halt. Home Next Previous

Position - Time Graph Uniformly accelerated (Positive acceleration)
Uniformly decelerated (Negative acceleration) Position x (m) Time t (s) Position x (m) Time t (s) Position x (m) Time t (s) Uniform motion (Zero acceleration) Home Next Previous

Velocity - Time Graph (Uniformly accelerated / decelerated)
Velocity (m/s) Time (s) v0 v O t Velocity (m/s) Time (s) v0 v O t Motion in positive direction with positive acceleration Motion in positive direction with negative acceleration Velocity (m/s) Time (s) -v0 -v O t t2 t1 Velocity (m/s) Time (s) v0 -v O Motion with negative acceleration. B/n 0 & t1 in positive x-axis and b/n t1 & t2 in negative x-axis Motion in negative direction with negative acceleration Home Next Previous

KINEMATIC EQUATIONS OF UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION
x v0 a v t Consider a body moving with initial velocity ‘v0’ accelerates at uniform rate ‘a’. Let ‘v’ be the final velocity after time ‘t’ and ‘x’ be the displacement. First equation of motion We know that: Acceleration = Time taken Final velocity - Initial velocity a = v - v0 t Cross multiplying, v – v0 = at or v = v0 + at The equation v = v0 + at is known as the first equation of motion. Home Next Previous

Second equation of motion
Average velocity = 2 Initial velocity + Final velocity vav = v0 + v 2 Distance travelled = Average velocity x Time x = (v0 + v) 2 t (1) From the first equation of motion we have, v = v0 + at Substituting for v in equation (1), we get x = (v0 + v0 + at) 2 t x = (2v0 + at) 2 t or x = 2v0 t + at2 2 or x = v0 t + ½ at2 or The equation x = v0 t + ½ at2 is known as the second equation of motion. Home Next Previous

Third equation of motion
From the first equation of motion we have, v – v0 = at (1) vav = v0 + v 2 We know that: or v0 + v = 2vav or v + v0 = 2vav (2) Multiplying eqns. (1) and (2), we get v2 - v0 2 = 2atvav or v2 - v0 2 = 2ax vav t = x v2 = v ax or The equation v2 = v02 + 2ax is known as the third equation of motion. Home Next Previous

KINEMATICEQUATIONS OF UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED MOTION BY GRAPHICAL METHOD
First equation of motion Velocity (m/s) O C B v v0 E A D Time (s) t Acceleration = Time taken for change Change in velocity v – v0 a = BD AD a = AE OC a = OE - OA OC a = v - v0 t v – v0 = at or v = v0 + at Home Next Previous

Second equation of motion
The area of trapezium OABC gives the distance travelled. Velocity (m/s) Time (s) O C B v E A D t v0 x = ½ x OC x (OA + CB) x = ½ t (v0 + v) x = ½ t (v0 + v0 + at) x = ½ (2v0t + at2) x = v0t + ½ at2 Home Next Previous

Third equation of motion
The area of trapezium OABC gives the distance travelled. Velocity (m/s) Time (s) O C B v v0 E A D t x = ½ x OC x (OA + CB) x = ½ x t x (v0 + v) (v + v0) = 2x t (1) From the first equation of motion we have, (v – v0) = at (2) Multiplying eqns. (1) and (2), we get v2 - v02 = 2ax v2 = v02 + 2ax or Home Next Previous

Equations of motion of a freely falling body
If the position co-ordinate is non-zero at t=0, say ‘x0’, then v = v0 + at x – x0 = v0t + ½ at2 v2 = v02 + 2a(x – x0) Equations of motion of a freely falling body In case of freely falling body, a = g and x = h Therefore, v = v0 + gt h = v0 t + ½ gt2 v2 = v02 + 2gh Home Next Previous

Equations of motion (In terms of Calculus)
a = dv / dt or dv = a dt Integrating both sides,  dv =  a dt v0 v t  dv = a  dt v0 v t (since a is constant (uniform)) v - v0 = at or v = v0 + at Home Next Previous

Integrating both sides,
v = dx / dt dx = v dt But, v = v0 + at dx = (v0 + at) dt Integrating both sides,  dx =  x0 x t (v0 + at) dt  dx =  x0 x t v0 dt + at dt   dx = v0  x0 x t dt + t dt  a x – x0 = v0t + ½ at2 Home Next Previous

Integrating both sides,
dv dt 3) a = dv dx x dt a = dv dx v v dv = a dx Integrating both sides,  a dx x0 x  v dv = v0 v  dx x0 x  v dv = a v0 v (since a is constant (uniform)) ½ (v2 – v02) = a(x – x0) (v2 – v02) = 2a(x – x0) Home Next Previous

Relative Velocity Relative velocity of an object A with respect to another object B, is the rate at which object A changes its position with respect to object B. If vA and vB be the velocities of object A and B respectively, then relative velocity of A w.r.t. B is vAB = vA - vB Similarly, relative velocity of B w.r.t. A is vBA = vB - vA Let us consider two objects A and B moving uniformly with velocities vA and vB in one direction. Let xA(0) and xB(0) be the positions of the objects at t = 0 from the origin O. Therefore the positions of two objects after time t will be given by xA(t) = xA(0) + vAt and xB(t) = xB(0) + vBt xB(t) - xA(t) = [xB(0) - xA(0)] + (vB - vA) t where xB(t) - xA(t) is relative displacement at time t and xB(0) - xA(0) is relative displacement at time t0. Then, (vB - vA) is the relative velocity of B w.r.t. A Home Next Previous

Special Cases x(m) 1) When the two objects move with equal velocities
xB(0) xA(0) x(m) O 1) When the two objects move with equal velocities 2) When the two objects move with unequal velocities i) When vA > vB ii) When vA < vB x(m) t (s) Meeting time Meeting Position xB(0) xA(0) O t (s) xB(0) xA(0) x(m) O Home Next Previous

Acknowledgement 1. Physics Part I for Class XI by NCERT
] Acknowledgement 1. Physics Part I for Class XI by NCERT 2. Body of the car from net 3. Walking man from the net Home End Previous

MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

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