1. Colonization

2. Colonization
The act of expanding and maintaining authority of territory and people
Different forms of colonization:
Settler - large-scale immigration to replace the original population
Exploitation - focuses on the exploitation of natural resources or population as labour
Internal - uneven structural power within a state

3. Historic Colonialism
European Colonialism started with the Age of Exploration (15th Century)
Early Colonial powers included Spain and Portugal competing for territories in South America
Later included North America
European Treaties determined who got what territories
Doctrine of Discovery – Allows a country to claim an empty territory
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) declared that only non-Christian lands could be colonized under the Discovery Doctrine
Second Wave Colonialism Flares up again in the 19th Century
Focus on Africa and Asia

4. Colonies in 1914

5. Internalized Colonialism
5 Stages of Colonialism
Steady State
First Encounter
Colonial Relations
Internalized Colonialism
Decolonization

6. First Encounter
After initial contact was made, colonization went about a few different ways:
Conquest - Militarily attack, conquer, plunder and subjugate (Spanish Conquistadors)
Trade – Set up trade and create dependence on colonial power for manufactured goods (British Empire)
Settle – Move people into an area and lay claim (British Empire)

7. Colonial Relations (Building Blocks of Colonization)
1) Make Money
Set up trade with the native inhabitants.
Collect raw materials cheaply (with local labour) and export for cheap, then sell back manufactured goods for more.
Tax local people
2) Assume and Maintain Control
Create divisions within the colonized population
Ex. Who held what jobs (ie. Lighter skin = administrative jobs; darker skin = labour)
Helped maintain or created social hierarchies (weapon technology, military support)
Create sense of superiority through education – make colonial power think they are morally right, helping inferior/less developed peoples; make colonized people think they are less developed, and inferior and that they will be better off with colonial help

8. Impact of Colonialism Immediate: Short Term: Long Term:
Spread of diseases
Economic gain
Short Term:
Improved infrastructure
Enslavement
Technological progress
Long Term:
Creation of unequal social relations
Exploitation
Spread of colonist languages, literature and cultural institutions
Endangering or obliterating native peoples and their culture/language