1. Apartheid South Africa -Identify the causes and effects of apartheid
-Explain the significance of Nelson Mandela
South Africa
Apartheid

2. The Republic of South Africa is in the south of the African continent.

3. The borders Northwest: Namibia North: Botswana
Northeast: Zimbabwe and Mozambique
East: Swaziland.
Southwest: Atlantic Ocean
Southeast: Indian Ocean
Enclave: Lesotho

4. Enclaves What is an enclave?
It is a country within the territory of another
How many enclaves are there in the world?
Three: Lesotho, the Vatican and the Republic of San Marino.

5. Physical map South Africa is located at the southern tip of Africa.
It has a long coastline of about 2,500 km (1,553 miles) and two oceans: Atlantic and Indian.
The interior is a vast and flat land.
The north is dry because of the desert.

6. Political map Constitutional parliamentary republic 9 provinces
Capital cities: Pretoria (executive), Bloemfontein (judicial), Cape Town (legislative)
Indipendence: from the UK in 1910
Population: 49 million people (70% black, 9% coloured, 9% white, 3% Asian)
Languages: South African English and Africaans

7. Unusual Colonial History
Colonialism usually represents a struggle between a
group of colonized resisters and a single group of
colonizers.
South African colonialism represents a struggle between two sets of colonizers:
The Dutch (strictly exclusionary)
The British (relatively accommodating)
The Dutch and British are struggling with each other, but also struggle with the resisters:
the Indigenous

8. Arrival of the Dutch
The Dutch colonized the Cape of Good Hope in 1652 (the southernmost part of South Africa).
The bulk of African people were located further inland and were quickly conquered.
The Dutch colonizers saw South Africa as an African “New World” and saw themselves as white pioneer settlers and proclaimed themselves “Afrikaaners”

9. Arrival of the British The British seized the Cape colony in 1806.
A century of struggle
Tensions escalated when British started sending settlers in 1820
British settlers also saw the country as permanent home

10. The Great Trek
Finally, in 1835 most of the Afrikaners headed northeast to re-establish communities on their own terms
They began battling with the indigenous population
Afrikaners were well established by 1841, but still had tension with British

11. Comparison between British & Dutch Colonialism
Dutch (Afrikaner):
Concerned with establishing an egalitarian democracy amongst themselves
Thought they could retain control over their policies only if they could exclude non-Afrikaners (esp. blacks) from citizenship
Established states in the interior through conquest, and rejected any possibility of black inclusion – their principle was “no equality in the church or state”
British:
Not racially inclusive
Open to “extending” the rights of citizenship (right to vote) only if able to acquire property and a British education.
For vast majority of the black people, British were no different from Afrikaners, BUT for the tiny black elite, it made a world of difference.
Anglican church wanted to recruit the colonized

12. Union of South Africa
Boer War: British defeated the Afrikaners in a war & incorporated them into a policy that became the Union of South Africa in 1910.
Significant autonomy and representative institutions granted for whites and qualified blacks
Racial discrimination fact of life from day one!
Land Act of 1913

13. Issues After Independence
1910- Great Britain gave South Africa independence
Many “Afrikaners” chose to stay
The white Afrikaners saw themselves as superior to native Africans
- Held political power
- Made laws to keep white and black Africans separate

14. Mandela and Apartheid Part 2

15. Glossary
Afrikaner – White South African of Dutch descent. Afrikaans – The language spoken by the Afrikaner people. Boer – Afrikaans word for ‘farmer’. Also a term used to describe the Dutch descendents. Apartheid – Policy of racial segregation. Bantu – Terms used for blacks during the Apartheid era

16. Colonial South Africa Divided
The arrival of the British and The Great Trek created two South Africas:
The British controlled the valuable Cape Colony.
The Boers lived in the states of Transvaal and the Orange Free State.
There was an uneasy peace from the 1840s until the 1890s.

17. Diamonds and Conflict
The British left the Boers alone until diamonds and gold were discovered in the land the Boers had settled. This led to the Boer War ( ). Britain won the war and took control of South Africa.

18. Issues After Independence
1910- Great Britain gave South Africa independence
Many “Afrikaners” chose to stay
The white Afrikaners saw themselves as superior to native Africans
- Held political power
- Made laws to keep white and black Africans separate

19. South Africa’s Population by Race @ Independence
Apartheid Sets In
Apartheid
Literally means “apart-hood”
Laws that called for the separation of races in South Africa
South Africa’s Population by Independence

20. Boer/Afrikaner attitudes to race
Attitudes about race during the Apartheid era can be traced back to these influences:
A sense of persecution: After the British arrived in Cape Town the Boers saw themselves as refugees in their own country. They had the right to defend their values.
A sense of entitlement: After defeating the Zulu tribes at the 1836 “Battle of Blood River” the Boers felt they had ‘won’ South Africa.
A sense of ‘civilisation’: Boers felt that Africans ‘wasted’ the land and that only through farms, towns and cities was the country becoming civilised.
A sense of religious duty: Boers felt that Blacks had been cursed in the Bible and were ‘meant’ to be servants and slaves.

21. Apartheid Legislation
Population Registration Act (1950) defined all
people as one of four racial categories:
Whites: people of European origin with no trace of other blood in their families
Coloreds: includes people of mixed racial origin but also descendants of Malaysian and others brought to South Africa as slaves
Asians (Indians): colonial India
Africans (Blacks): everyone else whose family roots were on the continent

22. Apartheid Legislation
Prohibition of Mixed Marriages (1949) & Immorality Acts (1950) banned marriage and sexual relations across racial lines
Native Laws Amendment Acts (1953) only Blacks who had been born there could live legally in urban areas
Extension of University Education Act (1959) prohibited Africans from attending the three major universities
Suppression of Communist Act (1950): allowed state to ban people from political life

23. Separate & Unequal… No rights for non-whites… No right to vote
No ownership of land
No right to move freely
No right to free speech
No right to protest the government
U.S.
S. Africa

28. Forced Removals
To make sure the white and black populations were kept apart blacks were forced to leave their homes in ‘white’ areas.
Between 1951 and 1986 at least four million people were moved from white areas to ‘Bantustans’ or black townships.

29. The “Homelands”
Areas of rural South Africa set aside as “homelands” for black population
Supposedly given a degree of self-gov’t
Homelands were less than a tenth of South Africa’s most infertile land and had puppet gov’ts
Chief objective was to deny non-whites the fruits of white labors: commerce and industry

36. Life Under Apartheid Afrikaners lived in up-scale neighborhoods
Native Africans lived in:
-Slums outside the city
-Tribes
-Bantustans
“Bantustans”
Reservations for native Africans to live
Unable to leave without “passport”
Poor quality land
Unfit for large populations
1.5 mill South Africans lived in Bantustans
(photographer version)
(life under apartheid 1980s)
(apartheid in South Africa)

37. African National Congress
Known as the “ANC”
Goal: increase rights of native Africans
No real power in government
Often members were arrested
Nelson Mandela
Born as a “royal” in the Xhosa tribe
Educated in Britain
Returned to S. Africa as lawyer and political rights activist for ANC

38. Nelson Mandela

39. What was Mandela fighting against?
What was the extent of apartheid in SA?
apartheid – a whole body of laws that separated blacks from whites.
A little under 20% of South Africans were white = large minority.

40. How Mandela Became a Hero
Elected deputy president of African National Congress (ANC) in 1952
Freedom movement forced to turn to armed struggle – Umkhonto. However, physical violence was never advocated in this movement.
Sentenced to life in prison on charges of sabotage

41. How Mandela Became a Hero
When in jail for 27 years, Mandela was offered time and again his freedom if he would simply renounce the violence. He never did. He only renounced the violence upon being freed.

42. Mandela Becomes a Hero
Known as “the most famous prisoner in the world”
Began secretly negotiating with the government his release
Instrumental in creating a pure democratic government in South Africa and toppling apartheid

43. Mandela Becomes a Hero Pardoned in 1990 by President deKlerk
Negotiated the end of apartheid
Wins first all-race presidential election in South African history in 1994
Served one term & retired from politics
Wrote biography “Long Walk to Freedom”
Worked in AIDS awareness
Passed away in 2013
Was communist… declined second term as president.. Know as father of south africa

44. Life in South Africa Today
New constitution
Suffrage rights
Equality for all citizens
Long road ahead…
High crime
-50 murders/day on average
Many people need education
Water and electricity still not an option for some