1. Kingdom Animalia (Animals)
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2. Characteristics of Animals
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Able to move at some
stage of their life
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3. Animal Kingdom
Ranges from the simplest , the sponges, to the most complex, the mammals. Animalia fall into two main groups. Invertebrates – meaning without backbones, and Vertebrates – meaning with backbones.
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4. Transport in Animals
Simple animals like sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, use osmosis and diffusion. Animals like a clam, have an open circulatory system that has a heart but no veins and arteries. Blood transports food, waste and gasses (oxygen and CO2). More advanced animals have a closed circulatory system with a heart, veins and arteries.
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5. Excretion in Animals
Excretion is the removal of nitrogen wastes. (urea, uric acid, ammonia) Nitrogen waste is produced when proteins are broken down. Excretion can also remove excess water or hold onto it, in other words, maintaining water balance. Animals may use kidneys, nephridia, flame cells or diffusion to remove these toxic wastes.
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6. Animals removing salt
Marine animals often have special glands to remove excess salt.
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7. Blood used to maintain pH
Buffers in your blood help to maintain pH of 7.4. As you exercise, CO2 concentration increases, pH is lowered. Buffers in your blood help to mediate the changes in the pH.
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8. Respiration in Animals
Respiration is the exchange of CO2 , H2O and O2 between the organism and the atmosphere.
Respiratory surfaces must be THIN and MOIST so gasses can diffuse .
Three main respiratory systems:
Directly through membranes or skin (ex: earthworm)
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9. Broughton High School
b. Gills – used in aquatic organisms like scallops or fish b. Lungs – found in terrestrial organisms
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Academic Biology

10. Nutrition in Animals
All animals are heterotrophs, but there are many types depending on what they eat. Carnivores – meat eaters Insectivores – eat Insects Herbivores – eat plants Animals teeth (mouth parts) and digestive system vary by what they eat. Other names we use are filter feeders, hunters, grazers.
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11. Carnivores
Usually have sharp teeth (tiger) or beak (eagle). Carnivores have a short digestive tract.
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12. Herbivores
Herbivores have specialized teeth for grinding vegetation (cow) or beaks that will crack open seeds (cardinal). Herbivores have a very long digestive tract.
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13. Reproduction/Growth/Development in Animals
Most animals carry out sexual reproduction with a few of the simpler animals also having asexual reproduction. Most aquatic animals have external fertilization, while terrestrial animals have internal fertilization.
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14. External Fertilization
Aquatic animals have external fertilization and then external development. Many eggs are produced since many of them are eaten. As animals move on to land, the fertilization becomes internal, but all animals still lay eggs except mammals, so development is still external.
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15. Mammals Monotremes (non-placental) Marsupials (partial - placental)
Broughton High School
Mammals
Monotremes (non-placental) Marsupials (partial - placental)
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Academic Biology

16. Mammals - Placental
Placenta – organ that connects the fetus to the mother. Allows for the exchange of gasses, food and waste
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17. Animal Adaptations to Life on Land
Major problems to overcome: dehydration, support, rapid temperature changes
Thick outer covering of fur, feathers, scales
Lungs for respiration
Heavier skeleton, limbs move under body
Internal fertilization, internal development
Amniote egg
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18. Behavioral Adaptations and Communication
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19. Behavioral Patterns
Behavior- the way an animal reacts to changes in its environment
Response – a specific reaction
Stimulus – something in the environment to which an organism responds.
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20. Innate Behavior (Instincts)
Inborn pattern of behavior that is genetically coded
Maternal instincts, “primal fear”, competition
Babies - suckling
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21. Suckling Innate behavior of infants and young mammals
Provides food to the baby, allows survival
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22. More Instincts How to make a nest How to find food, what to eat
How to mate
Where to migrate
How to avoid predators
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23. Reflexes Automatic reaction to a stimulus without conscious control
Can be innate or learned
i.e. Knee jerk, blinking, pulling hand from hot stove
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24. Infant Reflexes
Grasping
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25. Taxis
Taxis – movement of an organism due to an external stimulus (animals – not plants!)
Can be (+) toward stimulus or (-) away from stimulus
Phototaxis – response to light
Chemotaxis – response to chemical
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26. Migration
Seasonal movement of species members due to environmental condition changes
i.e. Geese and Whales
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27. Why Migrate?
Weather gets colder
Food supplies get scarce
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28. Estivation
State of dormancy, usually during the summer, occurring in many amphibians, such as frogs.
Lower metabolic rate, and will sometimes begin to respire anaerobically
Response to environment being hot and dry and unfavorable
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29. Hibernation
Act of passing the winter in a deep sleep, with lower metabolic functions and heart rate.
Strategy for dealing with decreased food supplies in winter
ie. bears
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30. Advantages of migration and hibernation
Allows animal to survive periods when food and other resources are not available
Allows animal to take advantage of favorable conditions in another location
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31. Learned Behavior Behavior determined by prior experiences
Humans: learning to drive, read, sew
Dog: sit, fetch, stay
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32. Learned Behavior Imprinting- Learning based on early experience
Once occurred, cannot be changed
Keeps young animals close to mother who protects and feeds them
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33. Konrad Lorenz
Imprinting with Geese
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34. Learned Behavior
Habituation – learning process by which an animal decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus Example: You live near a train track and after a while you no longer “hear” the train whistle
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35. Habituation An animal learns not to respond to a repeated stimulus
Example: Dog stops barking at familiar people
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36. Learned Behavior
Classical Conditioning – teaching a response to a new stimulus
Ex: Pavlov’s Dogs
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37. Learned Behavior
Trial and Error – learning through positive (food, praise) and negative (punishment) reinforcement
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38. Communication Passing of information from one organism to another.
Visual signals
Chemical signals
Sound signals
Language
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39. Social Behavior
Communication in social insects using pheromones (chemical signals).
Bees, ants and termites
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40. Courtship Rituals Behaviors which precede mating.
Can consist of dancing, posing, fighting, “jousting”
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41. Purpose of Mating Rituals?
Enables animals to identify healthy, reproductively fit mates of the same species
Courtship rituals are species specific
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42. Blue footed booby
Peacock
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43. Courtship in animals is the behaviour by which different species select their partners for reproduction. Usually, the male starts thecourtship, and the female chooses to either mate or reject the male based on his "performance". Many animals have mate-selection courtship rituals
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44. Courtship Dance with cranes
Red Crowned Cranes
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45. Social Behavior Territorial Defense – Conserves resources
Protects organisms from getting hurt by fighting
Fighting Fish
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46. Mocking bird “mobbing” an American Kestrel
Bighorn Sheep
Mocking bird “mobbing” an American Kestrel
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