1. Acidifying pollutants, Arctic Haze and Acidification in the Arctic
TFMM May 2006: Arctic monitoring: update on the AMAP assessment report 2006
Acidifying pollutants, Arctic Haze and Acidification in the Arctic
Lars R. Hole, NILU Jesper Christensen, DMU Veronika A. Ginzburg, IGCE
Patricia Quinn, PMEL Tuija Ruoho-Airola, FMI Andreas Stohl, NILU

2. ”Arctic Haze” first observed in the 1950s by pilots
Few pollution sources within the Arctic itself, Arctic remote from major pollution sources
Long-range transport, mostly from Eurasia
Removal processes very slow or absent (wet / dry deposition, photochemical processing)
Shaw (1995): BAMS 76,

4. The Arctic age of air
Time spent continuously north of 70°N - Lowest 100 m of the troposphere
July January
Note the different scales!!!

5. Emissions of SO2 (left) and NOx (right) for the year 2000.

7. Time series of monthly averaged particulate sulfate and nitrate concentrations in ugS/m3 and ugN/m3, respectively, for a) Barrow, Alaska and b) Alert, Canada.

9. Annual SO2 values at Svanvik and emissions from Nikel (Hagen et al., 2005).

10. SO2: Exposure for different sectors

11. Updated stations in the AMAP database

12. Temporal trends for sulphate concentrations in air in micrograms/m3
Temporal trends for sulphate concentrations in air in micrograms/m3. Red line: summer, blue line: winter.

13. Temporal trends for nitrate concentrations in air in micrograms/m3
Temporal trends for nitrate concentrations in air in micrograms/m3. Red line:summer, blue line: winter.

14. Temporal trends for weighted sulphate concentrations in precipitation in mg/l. Red line:summer, blue line: winter.

15. Temporal trends for weighted nitrate concentrations in precipitation in mg/l. Red line:summer, blue line: winter.

16. Arctic Haze

17. Monthly averaged concentrations in gS m-3 of sulfate for March and April.

18. Monthly averaged concentrations in g N m-3 of nitrate for March and April

19. Zonal mean potential temperature, DJF ”Polar Dome”
pressure

20. 3. Lifting outside the Arctic – pollution would be removed
Pathways for Black Carbon (lifetime 8-10 days)
Europe
Asia
1. Fast low-level transport over Scandinavia and uplift in the Arctic (blocking-type situations) – not really in the polar dome, but important for both concentrations and depositions in the Arctic
2. Low-level transport across Siberia – sideways transport into the polar dome; important for concentrations – only in winter
3. Lifting outside the Arctic – pollution would be removed
1. X
2. X
3. Lifting outside the Arctic – pollution would be removed

21. The Danish Eulerian Hemispherical Model (Jesper Christensen, DMU)
Based on MM5 mesoscale model
Emissions on 1ox1o grid from the EDGAR database (SO2, NOx, and VOC) + EMEP (50 k)
NH3 and NOx from lightning and soil emissions from global GEIA are used
Two emission scenarios:
A “Current Legislation” (CLE)
B “Maximum technically Feasible Reduction” (MFR)

22. Mean surface concentrations of SOx (SO2+SO4) (left) and NO3 (right) for the year 2000.

23. Scenarios: Emissions of SO2 for the “Current legislation” (left) and “Maximum technically Feasible Reduction” (right) for the year 2020

25. The total mean concentrations and total depositions of SOx for the area north of Arctic Circle for the different emissions scenarios.

26. The total mean concentrations and total depositions of NOy for the area
north of the Arctic Circle for the different emissions scenarios.

27. Black Carbon: Vertical profile for the Arctic area North of Polar Circle.

28. RRecommendations
EEstablish additional background stations for air and precipitation chemistry in North America (Northern Canada and Alaska). Barrow chemistry should be continued and that SO2 be added. Monitoring data for air concentrations (background) in Russian Arctic – same stations as precipitation - establish stations. Station Nord should be re-opened.

29. RRecommendations ctd
MMeasurements during field campaigns, e.g., during summer season to obtain dry deposition velocities for model improvement.
UUse of measurements for model validation for S and N species and black carbon.
AAMAP should have better linkage with other programs such as EMEP and EANET and national experts (particularly in Russia, but also North America).
Monthly data from Russian precipitation data (18 stations) should be reported to AMAP database.

30. Arctic pollution is still an issue
Arctic pollution is still an issue! -extreme transport event on Svalbard May 2006
Photo: Ann-Christine Engvall,Univ. Stockholm

31. Climate change might affect pathways
Photo: Ann-Christine Engvall,Univ. Stockholm

39. Member countries (the eight Arctic rim countries): Canada, Denmark/Greenland, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, United States
Permanent participants (the indigenous peoples organizations): Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC), Saami Council, Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON), Aleut International Association (AIA)
Observing countries: Germany, Netherlands, Poland, United Kingdom Norway has the AMAP secretariat and the atmospheric data centre at the Norwegian Institute of Air Research (NILU)

41. • producing integrated assessment reports on the status and trends of the conditions of Arctic ecosystems;
• identifying possible causes for changing conditions;
• detecting emerging problems, their possible causes, and the potential risk to Arctic ecosystems including indigenous peoples and other Arctic residents;
• recommending actions required to reduce risks to Arctic ecosystems.

42. The EMEP network 2001 (www.emep.int)

43. a) - sulfur sulfate Turukhansk
c) - sulfur sulfate, Norilsk;