1. Groundwater monitoring in some Nordic Countries - Finland, Sweden and Norway
Juhani Gustafsson, Finnish Environment Institute, SYKE
Mangnus Åsman & Mats Astrup, Geological Survey of Sweden
Jan Cramer, Geological Survey of Norway

2. Monitoring of groundwater in Finland
Nationwide Groundwater monitoring networks
The Finnish Environment Administration
The Geological Survey of Finland
The Road Administration
Groundwater monitoring related to
groundwater abstraction – water works
aggregate (sand and gravel) extraction
permit conditions - EPA

3. The nationwide groundwater monitoring networks
The Finnish Environment Administration ( )
In total 53 monitoring stations which are located in areas without human impact – background values – > basis for threshold values
Areas represent a range of geological and climate conditions
Quality and groundwater level monitoring
Sampling is carried out 4 times a year and groundwater level measurements 2 times a month
The Geological Survey of Finland ( )
Altogether 50 groundwater basins in different geological formations, where groundwater quality and groundwater level are monitored 1- 4 times a year
The impact of geological factors and anthropogenic activities on groundwater
The Finnish Road Administration
Impacts of road salting on groundwater, approximately 200 monitoring sites of which 50 are monitored more intensively
The monitoring will start in the end of 2005.

4. The proposed network for groundwater surveillance monitoring of WFD in Finland
The proposed network will be based on the groundwater monitoring networks of Finnish Environment Administration (green) and Geological Survey of Finland (red) completed with approximately 180 sites on aquifers used for water abstraction (lilac)
The groundwater quality and level data will be managed by the groundwater database of the Finnish environment administration (POVET)

5. Groundwater monitoring at regional level
Groundwater abstraction
In Finland approximately 1500 water works
Monitoring of groundwater level and quality
Aggregate extraction
Usually in the permit condition (granted by municipal authorities) the operator is obligated to monitor the groundwater level (in the recent permits also quality). Monitoring required in approximately 1500 sites.
Monitoring required in the environmental permits
based on EPA

6. Remarks There is a great number of groundwater bodies in Finland
It is essential to group the groundwater bodies for monitoring purpose. The grouping methodology is under development
Groundwater bodies can belong to same group if
GWBs belong to the same geological type (esker, ice-marginal formation etc)
there is no significant difference in the quality of groundwater between groundwater bodies
the pressures and possible impacts are insignificant or they are of same type
Data management will be developed aiming to more efficient use of monitoring data collection from the regional level (municipalities, water works etc)

7. Remarks
The surveillance monitoring of groundwater required in the WFD will be based on the existing monitoring networks with some additions.
The gw monitoring network of The Finnish Environment Administration will be used for
background values -> basis for threshold values
impacts of air-borne pollution
The monitoring done by the water works (untreated water) will be used for surveillance and operational monitoring
The results of gw monitoring done at the regional level can be used for operational monitoring
some additions to the monitoring network will be necessary
the need is considered based on the outcome of the protection plan for groundwater body or group of groundwater bodies

8. National monitoring of groundwater in Sweden
Reference systems
 Reference stations - groundwater
 Groundwater network of the Geological Survey
 Integrated Monitoring (ICP-IM)

9. Number of stations Chemistry:  Reference stations of groundwater, 118
 Groundwater network, 34
 Integrated Monitoring, 24 (not shown in the map)
Groundwater level:
 Groundwater network, 350 (not shown in the map)

10. Possible use of the present monitoring stations
 Background values as a basis for threshold values for some main substances and heavy metals
 Surveillance monitoring of groundwater bodies which are only subject to air-borne pollution
 About 50 groundwater bodies are covered by the present monitoring. Grouping of bodies in the northern part of Sweden will make it possible that these stations will represent a large number of groundwater bodies.

11. Short-comings of present monitoring
 The network is not designed to be able to validate the impact assessment procedure if there is a suspicion that the body is at risk.
 The network can not serve as operational monitoring.

12. Groundwater areas Class1, total 225 st
No water wells or unknown
Water wells, 142 st
Intentions
 Grouping of groundwater bodies will be made if they:
- belong to the same geographical region according to the Swedish environmental quality criteria for groundwater
- consist of the same geological setting
- are subject to the same type of impact
 Municipal wells included in the surveillance monitoring (about 2000)

13. Groundwater monitoring in Norway
National monitoring plan under development
Pilot studies aimed at quantitative- and qualitative intercalibration
National network with reference stations since 1977
Working on digital integration of existing networks

14.  Estimated total number 8,000 - 10,000 individual groundwater bodies
 Estimated total number 8, ,000 individual groundwater bodies  Currently proposed ~ 965 Groundwater units (sedimentary + bedrock) based on classification and grouping

15. Groundwater Monitoring:  Surveillance
Groundwater Monitoring:  Surveillance – 55 reference stations  Operational waterworks - various local systems  Investigative - various special systems (to delineate physical and chemical issues)
Groundwater Monitoring:  Surveillance – 55 reference stations  Operational waterworks - various local systems
(airports, disposal sites,
agriculture, etc.)
Groundwater Monitoring:  Surveillance – 55 reference stations

16. Summary
Common feature in NO, SWE and FIN is the occurrence of a large number of groundwater bodies
grouping will have to be done for monitoring purpose
in the northern regions - few monitoring stations will represent a large number of groundwater bodies
The existing monitoring stations will be used for surveillance monitoring and defining the baseline of groundwater quality and level
The monitoring done by the water works will be used to complete the monitoring networks

17. Thank you for your attention !