1. Human Uses of Viruses

2. Vaccines – injecting a person with a dead or weakened virus
Use the virus against itself

3. Vaccines
stimulates body to produce cells and proteins that will kill the virus if it reenters the body

4. Vaccines
Examples – small pox, polio, measles

5. Smallpox

6. Smallpox

7. Smallpox

8. Smallpox vs. Chickenpox

9. Genetic Engineering

10. Genetic engineering
Viruses can sometimes pick up host cell genes and carry them into other cells 
 Correct genetic defects by using viruses to take the genes to the cells

11. Boy in the Bubble
David Vetter lacked enzymes needed for immune system to function

12. severe combined immunodeficiency
Genetic Engineering
A virus can be used to insert a corrected gene into their body cells
severe combined immunodeficiency

13. Agriculture
Use viruses to control pests that destroy crops 

14. Agriculture
Use viruses for stripes and colors in flowers 

15. Kingdom Monera

16. Kingdom MONERA – all prokaryotes (bacteria)

17. Structure

18. Cell membrane and cell wall – hold the cell together, protect and support, control what goes in and out

19. Slime capsule – sticks them to whatever they live on, protects them

20. Nuclear area – single wad of DNA

21. Plasmids – small pieces of DNA that are not part of the main DNA

22. Ribosomes – where proteins are made

23. Flagella – whip-like tail used to move (bacteria are poor movers)

24. Classification
Very difficult because of small size

25. Monera Archaebacteria Eubacteria
So different that many scientists have them as two separate kingdoms

26. Archaebacteria – “ancient bacteria”
Methanogens
Thermophiles
Halophiles

27. Methanogens – live in oxygen-free environments and produce methane

28. Methanogens
Digestive tract of cows, swampy areas, sewage

29. Thermophiles – “heat lovers”

30. Thermophiles
Live in thermal vents and hot pools

31. Halophiles – “salt lovers”

32. Halophiles Live in Great Salt Lake or Dead Sea Great Salt Lake

33. Eubacteria – “true bacteria”, live in less harsh conditions, found everywhere
E. coli
Salmonella

34. Subclassification
Food source, shape, cell arrangement….

35. Food source Autotroph – can make their own food Example:
blue-green bacteria

36. Food source
Heterotroph – get their food from some other organism

37. Shape – 3 basic shapes
Coccus
Bacillus
Spirillum

38. Coccus – “Berry” shaped, spherical

39. Streptococcus
Strep throat

40. Bacillus – “rod” shaped, like a hotdog

41. Lactobacillus
Lactobacillus

42. Spirillum – spiral shaped

43. Cell arrangement

44. Diplo- in pairs

45. Strepto – in chains

46. Staphylo – in a cluster (like grapes)

47. Tetrad – a group of 4 coccus bacteria

48. Sarcina – group of 8 coccus bacteria in a cube like arrangement

49. What is the shape and cell arrangement?

50. What is the shape and cell arrangement?

51. What is the shape and cell arrangement?

52. What is the shape and cell arrangement?

53. Others

54. Gram stain
An extra layer in gram negative prevents many antibiotics from entering the cell
positive
negative

55. Slime capsule?

56. Flagella?

57. What they eat