1. Phylum Hemichordata & Chordata

2. Porifera Platyhelminthes Mollusca Arthropoda Echinodermata
Hemichordata
Cnidaria
Nemertea
Annelida
Lophophores
Chordata
Protozoans 2 2

3. Chordate Relatives
Common ancestry revealed by _______________________ and pharyngeal gill slits
________________ form (throat pocketings) at some time during development; used for feeding or gas exchange

5. Phylum Hemichordata Three body regions ________________ Gill slits
______ circulatory system
Dorsal and ventral nerve cord

6. Phylum Hemichordata ____ species of acorn or tongue worms
Ciliated mucus-covered ____________, resembles acorn or tongue
____________ in sediment and feed on sediment or filter feed
Elongated ________ with _______________ openings

7. Fig a

8. Fig b

9. 2012 New Hemichordate Worm found
found about 1.5 miles (2.5 kilometers) beneath the surface of the Atlantic Ocean
has large lips on either side of its head region that reminded researchers of the floppy-eared Stars Wars character
full scientific name is Yoda purpurata, or "purple Yoda."

10. Discovered a new type of acorn worm, scientists have
Discovered a new type of acorn worm, scientists have. Named it after Yoda, they did.

11. Researchers found the worm during the ECOMAR research program, which uses a remotely operated submersible to search for new animals along the seafloor at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between Iceland and the Azores.
Scientists are interested in these deep sea species, because they are close to the evolutionary link between vertebrates and invertebrates.
In other words, the force is strong with them.

13. Phylum Chordata
Three subphyla unified by having a notochord at some point in life cycle and metameric tail
______________ = densely packed muscle fibrils enclosed by sheath in _____ shape; provides skeletal ____________
____________________ = repetition of similar ____________; ____________ beyond anus

14. Phylum Chordata Characteristics
_______________
_______________ or pharyngeal pouches
_______________ hollow nerve cord
_______________ tail
_______________ muscles

15. Fig. 23.2b

16. Chordates
Fig. 23.2a

17. Phylum Chordata
Fig. 23.1

18. Fig. 23.p469a

19. Fig. 23.p469b

20. Fig. 23.p472a

21. Fig. 23.p472c

22. Evolutionary Adaptations of Chordates
From ________ feeding ancestors to active ____________
Mobility
Oxygen capture
Digestion
Circulation
Nervous system

23. Skeletal Changes
Skeleton becomes ____________ to work with bigger muscles
Allows more _________ movement
Fig. 23.p477

24. Oxygen Capture
______ slit and muscular ___________ will move more water over gills
More ___________ is extracted from water
Fig. 23.p478a

25. Circulation Stronger ________ to circulate blood ___________
Fig. 23.p478a

26. Digestion Digest more food _____________ gut
_____________ _____________
Liver
Pancreas
Fig. 23.p478a

27. Nervous System More complex for better
________ control of body to capture food
_____________ detection of the animals environment
Integration centers (________)
Fig. 23.p478b

28. Brain With Three Parts
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain
Fig

29. Chordate Subphyla Phylum. Chordata Subphylum. Urochordata
Subphylum. Cephalochordata
Subphylum. Vertebrata

30. Subphylum Urochordata
_______ species of tunicates or sea squirts
_____________ derivative of chordate line
Adults bear _____ resemblance to other chordates, but ________ features indicate nerve cord and notochord
These disappear during metamorphosis
Only chordate feature remaining = ____________ (filter feed)

31. Subphylum Urochordata
________________ marine filter feeders
Wide _________ of sizes, shapes, and colonial structure
All have outer covering (_________) containing tunicin (cellulose-like) and in/ex-current _________

32. Fig. 23.5

34. Fig. 23.7

35. Sea Squirts

36. Subphylum Cephalochordata
Small group of ____ species of lancelets or amphioxus
____________ and free swimming, also burrow in sand with only head protruding
Unique feeding apparatus for ____________ feeding (buccal cirri/gill slits)
Resemble ____________ more; may represent living descendants of vertebrates

37. Subphylum Cephalochordata
Amphioxus
___________ length of body
__________ hollow nerve cord
______ slits
_______________ muscles

38. Amphioxus

39. Subphylum Vertebrata Around ___________ species of vertebrates
Significant not in size or age of group, but its morphological ___________, structural ________________, and ___________ dominance
Three novelties bind all vertebrates

40. Subphylum Vertebrata
________________________ = specialized kind of _______________ that gives rise to nervous system, retina, gill cartilage, and pigment cells
Enlargement of _______________ end of neural tube to form the ________
__________________ = backbone composed of _____________ (bony/cartilaginous segments replace notochord during development), cranium (bony/cartilaginous housing for brain), __________ pectoral and pelvic __________________

41. Subphylum Vertebrata Characteristics
All are _______________ symmetrical with regional differentiation
________ region = houses sensory organs, brain, anterior opening to digestive tract
Trunk region = body _________ that house viscera
________ or caudal region = lacks viscera, but has _________ and _____________ (function in locomotion, reduced, or specialized)

42. Subphylum Vertebrata
_________________ (serial repetition of body parts) limited to ________ muscles, ____________ (vertebrae and ribs), and the __________ associated with trunk
All have _______ at some point in life cycle (breathing organs or transient developmental structures)
____________ circulatory system = arteries move blood to periphery from multi-chambered heart, veins move blood from periphery to heart, capillaries
______________ associated with endoskeleton

43. Vertebrate Classes

44. Vertebrate Diversity
Major evolutionary innovations among vertebrate groups fall into four categories:
1. Musculoskeletal system
2. Nervous system
3. Respiratory/circulation systems
4. Nature of the egg

45. Musculoskeletal system
Most primitive in ___________ vertebrates (hagfish, lampreys), have reduced braincase and cartilaginous gill-arch supports
Hagfish = _____________________
Lamprey = notochord ____________________ by addition of small arches of ________________ in anterior trunk segments and small blocks of cartilage posteriorly--These are evolutionary precursors to vertebrae!

46. Musculoskeletal system
All other vertebrates:
replacement of notochord with _______* vertebrae--articulate, protective housing for nerve cord
development of ___________________ appendages (from fins to limbs)

47. Musculoskeletal system
appearance of ________ associated with braincase
*______________ in sharks/rays-descended from bony ancestors

48. Nervous System
Increased structural complexity allowed an elaborate __________________ to evolve
__________________: elaboration of the anterior end of spinal cord to form hollow brain and __________________ (protected by skull)
________________ nervous system: __________ nerves in every body segment (relay brain’s messages to periphery)

50. Nervous System
______________ nervous system: function _________________ without voluntary control by brain
________________: ________________ activity, slow digestion
____________________: ____________ activity, stimulate digestion
This complementary system best developed in ____________ so they can maintain metabolic activity while still able to respond to external conditions

51. Respiration Respiration:
Vertebrates require __________________ than inverts, birds/mammals = highest demands (endothermic)
___________, moist environment (eel, amphibian) = gas exchange ___________ in addition to respiratory organ
Gills or lungs = derived from the ___________
Water pumped across ______, get gas exchange
Air breathed into ______, gas exchange across epithelial lining

52. Respiration
Birds also have __________ extending from lungs into many parts of body
Mammals have _____________ to forcefully pull air in/expel air out

53. Circulation
Allied with respiratory system: ______________ oxygen, nutrients, and water to cells and ______________ wastes/carbon dioxide
All systems ______________: heart, arteries, veins, capillaries

54. Circulation
In gilled, ___-chamber heart: one _________, one ____________, blood enters heart via ________, leaves via _________________ in gills (gas exchange), blood proceeds to rest of body

55. Circulation
In amphibians, aortic arches are reduced and modified into __________ in order to pass blood from lungs to ___-chambered heart (atrium separated by ___________, one _____________)

56. Circulation
In snakes and lizards, ventricle also has ___________ (incomplete ___-chambers)

57. Circulation
In birds and mammals, _____________ ______________ of oxygenated/deoxygenated blood, ___-chambered heart, _____________ system with no mixing gives greater blood volume and higher blood pressure (needed for metabolic requirements)

58. Excretion
_____________ = separate food/water from excess salt/waste in blood

59. The Egg
Eggs enclosed by ________ membrane internally and ____________ membrane externally
Fish and amphibian eggs pass down oviduct where ____________ chorion or gelatinous protein-polysaccharide material added (____________ egg = no amniotic membrane)
____________ fertilization; _______ climate to prevent desiccation

60. The Egg
Evolution of ____________ egg: equipped with extra membrane ____________ of protection (amnion, yolk sac, chorion, allantois) as well as a ___________________________ shell
In reptiles and mammals (monotremes); fertilization ___________; subject to predation
Marsupials and placental mammals ___________ young internally (helps young develop to an advanced stage before born)

61. The End