1. About 5 Liters! That’s 2 ½ soda bottles
Monday March 23rd 2015
Bell Ringer (index card)
About how much blood (in liters) does your body hold?
About 5 Liters! That’s 2 ½ soda bottles

2. The Circulatory System

3. The Circulatory System
Also called the cardiovascular system
Is made of 3 parts:
Heart
Blood
And blood vessels
Allows blood to flow to all parts of your body
Has 3 main jobs:
Carries needed substances to cells
Oxygen and glucose
Carries waste products away from cells
Carbon dioxide
Contains cells that fight disease
- White blood cells

4. The Heart

5. The Heart A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
About the size of your fist
Located in the center of the chest, beneath the sternum and inside the ribcage
Made of cardiac muscle
Contracts over and over without tiring out

6. The Heart Acts as two pumps
Right side: pumps blood into the lungs where it picks up oxygen
Left side: pumps blood into the arteries where it is sent throughout the body
The two sides are separated by a wall of tissue called the septum.

7. The Heart Each side has two chambers
The upper chambers are called atria.
The lower chambers are called ventricles.

8. The Atria (Atrium) The upper chambers of the heart
Job is to receive blood that comes into the heart
The right atrium has a group of cells called the pacemaker (sinoatrial node) that sends signals to make the heart muscle contract

9. Pacemaker
Whenever someone has problems with an irregular heartbeat, doctors may give them an artificial pacemaker.
This helps their heart maintain a normal rhythm.

10. Ventricles The lower chambers Job is to pump blood out of the heart
Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs
Left ventricle pumps blood into the body

11. Valves The ventricles are separated from the atria by valves
Flaps of tissue that prevents blood from flowing backward
Also located between the ventricles and the large blood vessels that carry blood out of the heart

12. How the Heart Works Two phases
Heart muscle relaxes and atria fill with blood
Heart muscle contracts and blood pumps forward
This closes the valves between the atria and the ventricles
Creates the lub sound
The valves between the ventricles and the blood vessels snap shut
Creates the dup sound

13. Two Loops
Overall pattern of blood flow in the body is like the figure eight.
In the first loop, blood travels from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart.
In the second loop, blood is pumped from the heart throughout the body and then returns to the heart.
Blood travels in only one direction.
One drop of blood could make the journey through both loops in less than a minute.

14. Video

15. Blood Vessels There are three kinds of blood vessels Arteries Veins
Carry blood away from the heart
Veins
Carry blood to the heart
Capillaries
Exchange substances (gases) between the blood and body cells

16. To be continued…

17. Blood

18. Blood Blood is made of four components, or parts:
Plasma, red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets
About 45% of the volume of blood is cells; the rest is plasma

19. Plasma
Most of the materials transported in the blood travel in the plasma.
Plasma is the liquid part of blood.
90% of plasma is water
10% is dissolved materials, such as glucose, fats, vitamins, and minerals
Many waste products are carried away by the plasma

20. Plasma Proteins give plasma its yellow color
Three groups of plasma proteins
Helps regulate amount of water in blood
Helps fight disease
Interacts with platelets to form blood clots.

21. Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
RBCs take up oxygen in the lungs and deliver it to cells throughout your body
Produced in the bone marrow (like other blood cells)
Look like doughnuts that someone forgot to cut out the hole
Because they are thin in the middle, they are able to bend and twist easily
Allows them to squeeze into tiny capillaries

22. RBCs
Made mostly of hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein that chemically binds to oxygen.
Hemoglobin is also able to pick up some carbon dioxide, but most is carried by the plasma
When hemoglobin and oxygen join together, the cell becomes bright red; without oxygen, the cell is dark red
Arteries have blood that is bright red
Veins have blood that is dark red

23. RBCs Mature RBCs have no nuclei
Without a nucleus, it cannot reproduce or repair itself
Only are able to live 120 days
Every second, about 2 million RBCs die
Bone marrow makes new cells at the same rate

24. White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Produced in the bone marrow
WBCs are the body’s disease fighters.
Some recognize disease causing organisms and alert the body that it has been invaded
Others produce chemicals to fight the invaders
Others surround and kill the invaders

25. WBCs There are fewer WBCs than RBCs. Larger than RBCs
Several different types of WBCs
WBCs have nuclei
Can live for months or even years

26. Platelets
Platelets are cell fragments that play an important role in forming blood clots

27. Forming Clots
When a vessel is cut, platelets collect and stick around the cut.
Platelets release a chemical that leads to the production of a protein called fibrin.
Fibrin makes a net of fibers across the wound.
This net traps blood cells.
As more and more of the platelets and cells get caught in the fibrin net, a clot forms.
A scab is a dried blood clot on the skin’s surface

28. Blood Types Four major blood types: A, B, AB, O
Types are determined by the proteins known as marker molecules that are on RBCs
A has the A marker, B has the B marker, AB has both A and B, O has no markers on it

29. Blood Types
Plasma has proteins that recognize cells with foreign markers and they make those cells clump together
A has anti-B proteins
B has anti-A proteins
AB has no anti-proteins
O has both anti-A and anti-B proteins

30. Why is Blood Type Important?
Your blood type determines what type of blood you can safely receive in a blood transfusion.
If you are A, you can receive A and O blood
If you are B, you can receive B and O blood
If you are AB, you can receive, A, B, AB, and O
“Universal recipients”
If you are O, you can only receive O blood
“Universal donors”

31. Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S. today.

32. Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a condition in which an artery wall thickens as a result of the buildup of fatty materials such as cholesterol.
This reduces the flow of blood in the affected artery.

33. Atherosclerosis
When atherosclerosis develops in the coronary arteries, the heart muscle receives less blood (less oxygen), which can lead to a heart attack.
Heart attacks occur when the blood flow to part of the heart muscle is blocked.
Cells die in the part of the heart that does not receive blood and oxygen. This permanently damages the heart

34. Treating Atherosclerosis
Low-fat diet and exercise for mild cases.
Some medications can be prescribed.
Severe cases may lead to angioplasty, where a small balloon is inserted into the blocked artery to help open it up.
When arteries are completely blocked, a bypass operation may be performed.
In a bypass, a vein from the leg is used to create an alternate path for blood to flow into the heart muscle.

35. Hypertension Hypertension is high blood pressure.
A person will have hypertension if their blood pressure is consistently greater than 140/90.
High blood pressure makes the heart work harder to pump blood through the body, possibly damaging the walls of the blood vessel.
Because most people have no obvious signs of the disease it is called the “silent killer”.

36. Treating High Blood Pressure
Closely related to atherosclerosis.
As arteries narrow, the blood pressure increases.
Diet and exercise help
Limit intake of salt
Sometimes given medications that lower blood pressure

37. Measuring Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is measured by a device called a sphygmomanometer
The first number in a blood pressure reading is the measurement of the blood pressure when the ventricles contract.
The second number, which is lower, is the blood pressure when the ventricles relax.
The blood pressure is given as a fraction with the contraction pressure, or systolic, over the relaxation pressure, or diastolic.
A healthy blood pressure is 120/80 or lower.