1. Do Now: Grab today’s Agenda (5:12).
Locate and label the following places on the map provided:
Argentina
Brazil
Buenos Aires
Columbia
Cuba
Haiti
Havana
Lima
Mexico
Mexico City
Peru
Sao Paulo
Venezuela

2. Objective: Revolution in Latin America
WHII.7a, b, and d
TSWDK of the Latin American revolutions of the 19th centuries by describing the colonial system as it existed by 1800, by identifying the impact of the American and French Revolutions on Latin America, and by explaining the contributions of Toussaint L’Ouverture and Simon Bolivar, and by assessing the impact of the Monroe Doctrine.

3. Revolution in Latin America
The Colonial System
Haitian Revolution
Mexico
Colombia and Venezuela
Monroe Doctrine

4. The Colonial System Claims Characteristics Portugal claimed Brazil
Spain claimed the rest of Latin America
Characteristics
Colonial governments mirrored the home governments.
Catholicism had a strong influence on the development of the colonies.
A major element of the economy was the mining of precious metals for export.
Major cities were established as outposts of colonial authority

5. Latin America

6. Mexico

7. Colombia

8. Brazil

9. Haiti

10. Cuba

11. Venezuela

12. Peru

13. Argentina

14. Havana

15. Lima

16. Buenos Aires

17. Mexico City

18. Sao Paulo

19. Rigid class structure
Viceroys/colonial officers – originally given to conquistadores; “royal” authority in the colonies given by the crown; viceroys in the 18th century were given to the nobility.
Peninsulares – Spanish born; given highest position government posts and clergy
Creole – Born in Latin America but of Spanish parents; given highest position landowners and merchants; 95% of whites in Spanish colonies
Mulattos and Mestizos – Mulattos = mixed African and European; Mestizos = mixed Indian and European; Some were equal to whites, some had more freedom than slaves
African and Native-American Slaves – Millions died due to maltreatment or disease. As a result, more slaves were imported than born in Latin America

20. Watch Crash Course: Haitian Revolution (link on Weebly  Unit 5  Lesson 12) and answer the questions under “Haitian Revolution” on your Agenda.

21. Haitian Revolution Colony French Produced sugar and coffee
How much of Europe’s sugar and coffee did Haiti produce?
40% of Europe’s sugar; 60% of Europe’s coffee
What was their slave population like?
Most slaves other than Brazil; 90% of population was slaves, mostly African born.
What was life like for a slave on a sugar plantation?
Brutal. Yellow fever, small pox, and miserable working conditions.
How did the class system in Haiti compare to the class system in the rest of Latin America?
Like the rest of Latin America, the Big White planters were at the top and they owned the plantations and the slaves. Unlike the rest of Latin America, these planters were mostly absentee landlords (Petite Blanc), and let others do the work for them.
Unlike the rest of Latin America, below the white planters were wealthy people of color, who were the result of mixed parentage.
Unlike the rest of Latin America, there were poor whites below these wealthy people of color. These poor whites worked as artisans and laborers.
And, of course, like the rest of Latin America, the slaves were at the bottom.

22. Haitian Revolution
What did each of the social classes have to complain about during the French Revolution?
Slaves complained about slavery.
Free people of color were still subject to legal discrimination.
The poor whites, in addition to being poor, were resentful of all the privileges held by the wealthy people of color.
The Petite Blanc complained about the government’s attempts to slightly improve the living and working conditions of slaves.
And the absentee landlords complained about the French trading laws.
When and how did unrest begin in Haiti?
It began in 1789 when some slaves heard a rumor that the King of France had freed them, which, even after they found out was not true, gave them hope.
The people in Haiti heard about the events in France and of the DoRoMaC and it gave hope to both free people of color and to slaves.
The non-wealthy whites felt there was not enough discrimination in Haiti to distinguish white from color. They identified with the Third Estate in France. So they began lobbying for independence. They felt that if they gained independence from France, they would have the economic freedom to succeed.
So in 1791, these non-wealthy whites seized the capital. The French government sent troops to Haiti.
At the same time, the National Assembly felt it was hypocritical to grant citizenship based on race so they granted citizenship to all free people of color. The non-wealthy whites were not happy about this so fighting broke out between them and the newly freed people of color.
The slaves didn’t want any of those two to gain independence so they started a slave revolt.

23. Haitian Revolution Opportunity
In 1789, the whites in Haiti used the French Revolution as an opportunity to gain their independence from France.
They used the ideas of the Enlightenment, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution to fight for equality as their own independent nation.
The African population heard the plight of the white Haitians for independence. If the whites gained their independence from France, the slaves would never get their freedom.

24. Haiti Toussaint L’Ouverture Former slave
In 1791 led Haitian rebellion against the French.
Defeated the armies of three foreign powers; Spain, France, and Britain.
“Black Napoleon”
Independence
Haiti won their independence in 1791
Slavery was abolished.

25. Haitian Revolution
What is the difference between the first half of the Haitian Revolution and the second half?
The first half was the fight to free the slaves and the second half was a fight for independence.
Explain how the former slaves in Haiti gave the United States the Louisiana Territory?
Napoleon needed money to fight his war so his plan was to reintroduce slavery into Haiti to produce more sugar for profit. Unfortunately for Napoleon, the Haitians fought back and, with the help of yellow fever, were able to defeat Napoleon’s troops. So Napoleon had to figure out another way to raise the money – selling the Louisiana Territory to the United States.
What is the significance of the Haitian Revolution?
Haiti was the second free and independent nation in the Americas.
It also had one of the most successful slave revolts ever.
Haiti became the first modern nation to be governed by people of African descent.
They foiled Napoleon’s attempts to build a big new world empire.

26. Watch Crash Course: Latin American Revolutions (link on Weebly  Unit 5  Lesson 12) and answer the rest of the questions on your Agenda.

27. Before independence, Latin American society was characterized by three institutions that exercised control over the population. What were they?
The Spanish crown. As far as the crown was concerned, the job of the colony was to produce revenue. So the rulers of the colonies had to be efficient and ruthless in order to pay their appropriate taxes.
The Church. The Church dictated every part of life.
Patriarchy. Land was inherited from father to son.
Describe the new culture emerging in Latin America.
Mixing whites from Spain (Peninsulares), white born in the Americas (Creoles), Native Americans, and African slaves. The Christianity emerging from Latin America acquired some Native American undertones.

28. Mexico Colony Spanish Opportunity
Spanish involvement in the Napoleonic Wars diverted their attention from their colonies.

29. Mexico Father Miguel Hidalgo Mexican priest and Creole
Questioned the policies of both the clergy and the monarch
Fought for social and economic reform
In 1810, led a rebellion against the ruling Spanish. Lost.
Executed in 1811.
Independence
Inspired by Father Hidalgo, Mexican independence was eventually recognized in 1821.

30. Colombia/Venezuela Colony Spanish Opportunity
Inspired by both the French and Haitian Revolutions

31. Colombia/Venezuela Simon Bolivar
Venezuelan military leader who led revolutionary efforts.
Liberated the northern areas of Latin America
Independence
Proclaimed independence in 1819

32. What is the most revolutionary thing about these independence movements?
They enshrined the idea of so-called popular sovereignty in the New World. Never again would Latin America be under the permanent control of a European power.
And the relatively quick division of Latin America into individual states, showed how quickly the people in these regions developed a sense of themselves as nations distinct from Europe and from each other.
Latin America also epitomized multiculturalism.
Why wasn’t the Latin American revolutions revolutionary?
While the Peninsulares were gone, the rigid social hierarchy, with the wealthy Creoles at the top, remained.
Whereas revolutions in both France and America weakened the power of the established church, in Latin America, the Catholic Church remained very powerful in people’s everyday lives.
There is still patriarchy. Despite the fact that there were many women who took up arms in the struggle for independence, patriarchy remained strong in Latin America.

33. Monroe Doctrine Issued 1823 By U.S. President James Monroe Content
“…as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers…”

34. Monroe Doctrine Content (continued)
Latin American nations were acknowledged to be independent
The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their systems on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere.

35. Conclusion
Conquistadores were given government authority by the crown, becoming viceroys.
Spanish conquests in Latin America saw the rapid decline of the native population, and introduction of slaves from Africa.
Latin American revolutions of the 19th century were influenced by the clash of European cultures in the development of governments and ruling powers.
The American and French Revolutions took place in the late 1700s. Within 20 years, the ideas and examples of these revolutions influenced the people of Latin America to establish independent nations, most notably in Haiti and Mexico.
The contributions of Toussaint L’Ouverture and Simon Bolivar led to the developments of independent states in Latin America in the 19th century.
After the American Revolution, the United States wished to prevent foreign interference in America. The Monroe Doctrine, which was issued in 1823, alerted European powers that the American continent should not be considered for any future colonization.