1. Imperialism

2. Setting the Stage
Industrialization caused the need for more resources to fuel industrial production
They competed for new markets
Looked to Africa as a source of raw materials and a market for industrial products

3. Africa Before European Domination
hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups
More than 1,000 languages spoken
Politically, they ranged from large empires to independent villages
Difficult for Europeans to travel into the interior because they couldn’t navigate the rivers
Disease also discouraged the Europeans
Early 1800’s – steamboats allowed major expeditions into Africa

4. The Congo Sparks Interest
Late 1860’s - David Livingstone, a missionary who went to Central Africa, had not been heard from
An American newspaper hired a reporter, Henry Stanley, to find him
In 1871, he did
Made headlines around the world

5. King Leopold II
King Leopold II of Belgium, through Stanley, obtained land in the Congo through treaties with local chiefs
Claimed his motives were to abolish the slave trade and promote Christianity
But…he licensed companies that forced Africans to collect sap from rubber plants
At least 10 million Africans died of abuse

6. Europe Joins In
Humanitarians demanded change and control of the colony was taken away from him
The government’s seizure of the Congo alarmed France
Soon France, Britain, Germany, Italy Portugal and Spain were also claiming parts of Africa

8. Scramble for Africa Belief in European superiority Social Darwinism
“Survival of the fittest”
Non-Europeans were on a lower scale
Technological superiority (RRs, steamships)
Drug to prevent malaria - quinine
War between ethnic groups prevented them from uniting against Europeans

9. Forms of Imperialism
Colony
A country or a territory governed internally by a foreign power
Ex. Somaliland (France)
Protectorate
A country or a territory with its owned internal government but under the control of an outside power
Ex. Niger River Delta (Britain)
Sphere of Influence
An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges
Ex. Liberia (U.S.)
Economic Imperialism
An independent but less-developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments
Ex. Dole Fruit Company in Hawaii

10. Imperial Management Methods
Indirect Control
Direct Control
Local government officials used
Limited self-rule
Goal: to develop future leaders
Government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules
Foreign officials brought in to rule
No self-rule
Goal: assimilation
Government institutions are based only on Europeans style
Examples: British colonies such as Nigeria, India and Burma
French colonies such as Somaliland and Vietnam

11. Berlin Conference Competition for colonies fierce
14 European nations met in
Any European country could claim land in Africa by notifying other nations of its claims and showing it could control the area
No African ruler invited to attend

12. Boer War
Diamonds and gold discovered in southern Africa in the 1860’s and 1880’s
Boers (Dutch farmers) tried to keep outsiders from gaining political rights
Attacked the British who they blamed
British won and took over South Africa

13. Europeans Claim Muslim Lands
Russia wanted to gain control of the Black Sea
Ottomans lost land
Egypt lost control of the Suez Canal to Great Britain
Russians and British competed for control of Persia

16. Legacy of Colonial Rule
The Bad…
Africans lost control of their land
Died from disease
Died from resistance movements
Loss of culture
The way Africa was divided still presents problems today…

17. Legacy of Colonial Rule
The Good…
Reduced local warfare
Improved sanitation and schooling
Economic expansion