1. Anatomy of the basal gangliaBy
Dr. Mohammed Ahamed Abuelnor
Department Of Anatomy

2. 3. Describe the important connections of corpus striatum.
Objectives
1. Describe the subdivisions of basal ganglia and state the function of each of them.
2. Understand the important relations of corpus striatum (caudate & lentiform nuclei).
3. Describe the important connections of corpus striatum.
4. Describe briefly the main effects in cases of lesion of basal ganglia.
اسم ورقم المقرر – Course Name and No.
7/6/2019

3. Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia is a collection of gray matter in the cerebrum including the:
corpus striatum,
Amygdala
and claustrum.
Has importantconnections with other regions of the brain, particularly:
Thalamus,
Subthalamic nuclei,
Red nucleus and
Substantia nigra
Important in coordinating movement.
اسم ورقم المقرر – Course Name and No.
7/6/2019

4. Components of Basal Ganglia Corpus Striatum
Striatum Caudate Nucleus & Putamen
Pallidum Globus Pallidus (GP)
Substantia Nigra
اسم ورقم المقرر – Course Name and No.
7/6/2019

5. Basal ganglia

6. TERMINOLOGIES Neurological structure Basal nuclei Corpus striatum
Caudate nucleus + lentiform nucleus
Amygdala
Amygdaloid nucleus
Claustrum
Claustrum
Neostriatum
Caudate nucleus + putamen
Paleostriatum
Globus pallidus
Lentiform nucleus
Globus pallidus + putamen

7. Basal ganglia ANTERIOR Caudate nucleus Globus pallidus Insula
HORIZONTAL SECTION
ANTERIOR Caudate nucleus
Globus pallidus
Insula
Lentiform nucleus
Putamen
Claustrum
POSTERIOR
اسم ورقم المقرر – Course Name and No.
7/6/2019

8. Basal ganglia CORONAL SECTION SUPERIOR Caudate nucleus Thalamus
Lentiform nucleus
Claustrum
Amygdala
INFERIOR
اسم ورقم المقرر – Course Name and No.
7/6/2019

9. Caudate nucleus C-shaped Head, body,tail
Large head,tapering curved tail
Head-frontal lobe
Tail-occipital lobe
End of tail-temporal lobe
-terminates in amygdaloid nucleus
(roof of inf horn of lateral ventricle)
thalamus
Caudate
Lentiform
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Amygdaloid

10. Lentiform nucleus Wedge-shaped Internal capsule External capsule
Horizontal section
ANT
Wedge-shaped
Lateral
Internal capsule
Caudate n
ventricle-
Ant horn
Putamen
External capsule
Third ventricle
Globus
pallidus
Thalamus
Extreme capsule
Claustrum
Lateral ventricle- Post horn
Lateral and medial medullary lamina
اسم ورقم المقرر – Course Name and No.
7/6/2019
POST

11. Lentiform nucleus
Putamen – lateral medullary lamina – Globus Pallidus Lat GP – medial medullary lamina – Med GP
thalamus
Caudate
Lentiform
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Amygdaloid

12. Amygdaloid nucleus Caudate thalamus Lentiform Putamen Globus pallidus
Temporal lobe -
Roof of inf horn of lateral ventricle
اسم ورقم المقرر – Course Name and No.
7/6/2019

13. Substantia nigra Subthalamic nuclei
Caudate n
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Thalamus
Subthalamic nuclei
Substantia nigra
Coronal section
اسم ورقم المقرر – Course Name and No.
7/6/2019

14. Function motor activity muscle tone organisation of movement
Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum and thalamus
motor activity
muscle tone
organisation of movement
What type ?
How to perform?
-cerebral cortex
-basal ganglia+cerebellum
Assist in regulation-thalamus

15. Cerebral cortex
Corticospinal
Corticobulbar
Corticostriatal
excitatory
Direct
Indirect
inhibitory
Striatonigral Striatopallidal
Lat pallidal
inhibitory
Subthalamic N
inhibitory
Med pallidal
Activate neurone
Disinhibit neurone
thalamus
Facilitate movement
Inhibit unwanted movement

16. Connections Caudate nucleus Putamen receive input Globus pallidus –
output leaves
اسم ورقم المقرر – Course Name and No.
7/6/2019

17. Connections of striatum Connections of globus pallidus
Caudate nucleus & putamen – input
Receive afferent - cerebral cortex, thalamic nuclei, subs nigra
Efferent – globus pallidus, subs nigra
2 segments – med & lat
Med & subs nigra – output
Receive afferent – striatum, subthalamic nucleus
Efferent
Lat – subthalamic N
Med – thalamus– motor areas

18. اسم ورقم المقرر – Course Name and No.
7/6/2019

19. Basal Ganglia (Prefronatal Complex Loop)
Connections
Primary
(M I)
STRIATUM
Nucleus)
Prefrontal
Motor Area
Association
(Caudate
Cortex
pyramidal tract
SNr
THALAMUS
(Substantia Nigra,
(VLm, VAmc, MD)
pars reticulata)
LMN

20. Orbitofrontal Cortex Anterior Cingulate Gyrus Hippocampal Formation
Basal Ganglia (Limbic Loop)
Connections
Ventral Striatum
Orbitofrontal Cortex Anterior Cingulate Gyrus Hippocampal Formation
Caudate Nucleus
Ventral Pallidum
GPi, SNr
THALAMUS
(VAmc, MD)
اسم ورقم المقرر – Course Name and No.
7/6/2019

21. اسم ورقم المقرر – Course Name and No.
7/6/2019

22. Disease of basal ganglia
Change in muscle tone
Abnormal involuntary movement
Parkinsonism
Effect on the opposite side
Degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in substantia nigra-depletion of dopamine in striatum
Resting tremor
Rigidity – simultaneous contraction of flexors and extensors
Hypokinesia = Slowness of movement – brake cannot be released
No paralysis, ataxia

23. Disease of basal ganglia
Huntington’s disease –
hereditary disease of unwanted movements. It results from degeneration of the caudate and putamen, and produces continuous dance-like movements of the face and limbs -choreoathetosis
Hemiballism -
flailing movements of one arm and leg (one-sided), which is caused by damage (i.e., stroke) of the subthalamic nucleus.

24. References: Clinical Neuroanatomy by Richard S. Snell, 7th ed.
Neuroanatomy by A.R. Crossman & D. Neary 3rd ed.