1. Dr. Susan P. Mains Geography
GE21001 Dynamic Human Worlds Lectures Development, Power and Place
Dr. Susan P. Mains
Geography

2. Lecture Outline Defining Development Forms of Development:
Forms of Development:
- political context
-uneven development
‘measures’
Useful Readings:
*Radcliffe, S. (2005) Rethinking Development. In Cloke, P., Crang, P. and Goodwin, M. (Eds) Introducing Human Geographies. 2nd Edition. London, Hodder Arnold, pp
Willis, K. (2005) Theories of Development. In Cloke, P., Crang, P. and Goodwin, M. (Eds) Introducing Human Geographies. 2nd Edition. London, Hodder Arnold, pp

3. Defining Development
A range of social, economic, political and health factors
How do we measure “political development”?
Shift from financial to more holistic measures
Cultural and political context significant
What kinds of “development” are desirable?

4. Defining Development
“Development” created in a particular political context
President Harry Truman “underdevelopment” 1948 at the beginning of the Cold War
Relational
The idea of a continuum
1st, 2nd, and 3rd World, later a 4th?
Again political context significant
US imperialism

5. Ways of Measuring ‘Development’
Population Characteristics
Check the Population Reference Bureau: DataFinder
for up-to-date statistics
Doubling Time:
the measure of how long it will take the population of an area to grow to twice its current size
Life Expectancy:
the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live

7. More Population Measurements
Total Fertility Rate (TFR):
the average number of children a woman will have throughout her lifetime
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR):
the number of deaths of infants less than 1 year of age compared to the number of live births for that same year (or infant deaths per 1,000 live births)

9. Education Indicators
Literacy rate: the percentage of the population over age 15 years able to read and write, and is often broken down by sex
Secondary School Enrolment

11. Economic Indicators
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): a monetary measure of the value of goods and services produced within a national economy over a given period of time
Gross National Product (GNP): GDP + net income from abroad
GNI PPP per capita: the Gross National Income (with purchasing power parity) per person

13. Human Development Index
GDP and GNP are seriously deficient as measures of economic activity:
they omit whole areas of work
they perversely count as wealth creation that which may destroy the foundations of productive activity
Human Development Index: The United Nations uses a Human Development Index, which is calculated on measures of life expectancy, educational attainment and personal income.

14. Non-Demographic Indicators III
Human Development Report (UNHDP)
Links between environmental and political contexts
Links between, infrastructure, policy, education & health
Role of national and international institutions, everyday experiences, obstacles and opportunities for change
e.g., the politics of water

15. Millenium Development Goals
Time specific targets
Millennium Summit (2000)
Millennium Declaration
8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Millennium Development Goals for 2015

16. Millenium Development Goals
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality rates
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

17. The purpose of politics is to bring the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people—Jeremy Bentham

18. Political Indicators Global Peace Index (2010) The Map of Freedom
The Map of Freedom
Corruption Perceptions Index
Border Disputes
E.g., the Arctic

20. Political Indicators Global Peace Index (2010) The Map of Freedom
The Map of Freedom
Corruption Perceptions Index
Border Disputes
E.g., the Arctic

22. Political Indicators Global Peace Index (2010) The Map of Freedom
The Map of Freedom
Corruption Perceptions Index
Border Disputes
E.g., the Arctic

24. Political Indicators Global Peace Index (2010) The Map of Freedom
The Map of Freedom
Corruption Perceptions Index
Border Disputes
E.g., the Arctic

27. Contrasting Perspectives
Abbas submits Palestinian statehood bid to UN
Netanyahu: Better bad press, than a good eulogy

30. Borders, external influences and access to resources